FIGURE 1
Nanomedicine combines nanotechnology with different fields of study, including materials science, medicine, engineering, cellular and molecular biology, medical sciences and pharmacy, and computational technology. And they are considered as incorporated nanoparticle\souts drugs or biologics (1-100s nm) to provide either enhanced targeting, diminished toxicity, or otherwise augmented efficacy of imaging or therapeutic (B. Y. Kim, Rutka, & Chan, 2010). The interactions of nanomaterials with biological targets (at the level of molecules, cells, organs, etc.) are dependent on complex interactions between the adjustable attributes of the particles and the largely irrepressible attributes of the circumambient media. The physical characteristics of the nanomaterials, such as size and shape of particles as well as their functional groups are key factors that influence the parameter of their performance such as the cellular uptake, the degree of protein adsorption, biodistribution patterns or the mechanisms of their clearance (Nel et al., 2009; Pelaz et al., 2017).
The current nanodrugs are mainly involved in the enhanced permeability and retention effect (Maeda, 2015). The nanomaterials generally enhance their accumulation in ischemic tissue, or inflamed organ by adsorption of their specific surface ligands, such as aptamer, antigen, protein, etc. (Albanese, Tang, & Chan, 2012). Modifications in some parameters, including pH (Sato, Yoshida, Takahashi, & Anzai, 2011), temperature (Jun-Hyun Kim & Lee, 2004), the addition of certain enzymes (De La Rica, Aili, & Stevens, 2012), and redox potential (Luo et al., 2011) can be used to adjust the controlled release of these types of drugs. Moreover, nanomedicines are able to bypass membranes or even the blood-brain barrier and allow the distribution of drugs to the target tissue at high concentrations. The knowledge of nanodrugs application in medicine\sout, creates novel approaches in developing implantable materials, directed diagnosis, and therapeutic for the treatment of cancer, wound healing, etc.