The age-related diseases
The improvement of the environment, nutrients, medical assistance, and also reducing the prevalence of infectious diseases has resulted in a rapid increase in life expectancies and overall age increasing in industrialized and developing countries (Passarino, De Rango, & Montesanto, 2016). Reportedly, the average life expectancy increased in the early 21st century to above 65 years as compared with 35 years in the 18th century (Pan, Lai, Tsai, Wu, & Ho, 2012). Based on statistics, 2 out of the 9 billion people in 2050 will have been at least six decades (Kennedy & Pennypacker, 2014), and it seems that this increasing trend in lifespan may be one of the major risk factors in the aging-associated diseases. The increasing age of individuals is associated with a rise in a multitude of multiple chronic diseases that contributes to a global disease burden and mortality (Aburto, Villavicencio, Basellini, Kjærgaard, & Vaupel, 2020). Autoimmune diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, arthritis, different types of cancers, asthma, osteoporosis and skeletal disorders, dementia and neurodegenerative damages, such as Parkinson, Alzheimer, Huntington’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are among common aging-associated diseases (López-Otín, Blasco, Partridge, Serrano, & Kroemer, 2013) Aging is assumed as a progressive and ineradicable complex process, resulting from an accumulation of various damages that origin from malfunctions in maintaining the cellular pathways (Niccoli & Partridge, 2012). Revealing the mechanisms that aging enhances the risk of the dysfunction disease needs further investigation in the complex networks of molecular and cellular interactions in model organisms and ultimately in humans. In Table 1 , several cellular and molecular factors associated with aging playing a conspicuous role in the progression of age-related disorders are presented.