Niche expansion and unfilling dynamics
As predicted, examining patterns of niche expansion and niche unfilling demonstrate a gradient of realized niche change across clades in their shifted ranges (Supplementary material Appendix Figure A5). There is considerable evidence of expansion when comparing the realized niche of clade to its native niche, such as, E. A clade shows 99.7% niche expansion (vs. native clade E. D) (Figure 3h). From our results (Table 3), there is nearly 50% (3/6; clade E. A, E. B and E. C) of the clades’ invaded niche exists in climates that are less occupied in its native range (i.e. niche expansion). While, 33% (2/6; clade E. D and W. a) of the clades’ native niches remain stable, only one clade W. b can be viewed as typical niche unfilling (Figure 3i).