To the Editor,
ZIP7 deficiency is the most recently described congenital
agammaglobulinemia with autosomal recessive inheritance (1). ZIP7,
encoded by SLC39A7, is an endoplasmic reticulum-to-cytoplasm
Zn2+ transporter. Developing B cells are sensitive to
altered Zn2+ distribution which cause developmental
blockade beyond the pre-B cell stage (2). Complete loss of ZIP7 in cell
lines causes a reduction in cytoplasmic Zn2+ and an
increase in endoplasmic reticulum Zn2+ concentration.
Since the original report in 2019, no additional cases of ZIP7
deficiency have been published. Here we describe a patient evaluated for
recurrent respiratory tract infections, meningitis, agammaglobulinemia
and B cell lymphopenia, ultimately found to carry a novel SLC39A7variant. We describe his clinical characteristics, immunological
findings, and genetic investigations.
The patient and his family members were interviewed, examined, treated
and monitored at the University Clinic for Children’s Disease in Skopje.
Medical records were obtained from the electronic registry of the
University Clinic. The mother of the patient has given written informed
consent to conduct the study and for publication of data. All procedures
were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the
Institutional Research Committee. Genomic DNA from the patient and his
family members was isolated with the Gen Elute Blood Genomic DNA kit
(Sigma-Aldrich) and subjected to whole-exome sequencing (WES) in the
patient and targeted gene sequencing in the patient and available family
members (3). WES was performed at the New York Genome Center and the
Rockefeller University using an Illumina HiSeq 2500 sequencing system
(Illumina). Exome capture was carried out with SureSelect human all
exome kit (Agilent) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
Putative disease alleles found by WES were validated by dideoxy Sanger
sequencing in the patient as well as in family members.Exons and
flanking intronic regions of SLC39A7 were amplified by PCR.
Amplicons were sequenced with the Big Dye Terminator cycle sequencing
kit (Applied Biosystems) and targeted regions were analyzed by an ABI
3130 capillary sequencer (Applied Biosystems). Sequence variants were
determined by comparing to the appropriate GenBank reference sequence to
identify the position of mutations.
The patient, a 14-year-old male and the third child in a Macedonian
family with Albanian origin was born at term (Fig. 1). Birth weight and
length were in the normal ranges and neonatal adaptation was uneventful.
Consanguinity in the family was not reported. The patient received only
BCG vaccination at birth indicated by a small scar on the left shoulder.
He had suffered from recurrent upper and lower respiratory tract
infections since 6 months of age. He was first hospitalized for H.
influenzae pneumonia at the age of 4 years. Treatment with ceftriaxone,
50 mg/kg/day for 10 days, resulted in clinical and radiological
recovery. He was suspected for immunodeficiency, but the family failed
to meet the medical appointments for immunological evaluation. By 6½
years of age he developed bilateral chronic mastoiditis which was
treated with antibiotics and surgery with good therapeutic efficacy. At
the age of 7 he was hospitalized for purulent meningitis. Pathogenic
microorganisms did not yield from the cerebrospinal fluid which could be
due to the previously started cephalosporin antibiotic therapy. After
two weeks of treatment with 3rd generation intravenous
cephalosporin, he was discharged from hospital but continued to develop
recurrent upper respiratory tract infections treated mostly by the
family pediatrician. At the age of 9 years, he was hospitalized again
because of severe bilateral pneumonia. Respiratory aspirate yieldedPseudomonas aeruginosa . He received intravenous antibiotics,
inhalative Colistin (polymyxin E), and antimycotic treatment becauseC. albicans was isolated from the tracheal aspirate. Multiple
rigid bronchoscopic lavages were performed as part of the treatment.
Chest computed tomography (CT) showed bronchiectasis and perfusion scan
of the lung showed hypoperfusion in the right lower lobe. He was seen at
the Immunology Department of the University Clinic for Children’s
Diseases in Skopje, at age 9½. By physical examination lymphoid tissue
hypoplasia (lack of tonsillar tissues, small adenoids and impalpable
lymph nodes), hepatomegaly (liver edge was palpable 3 cm below the
costal margin), vesicular breathing with bilateral crepitation above
both lungs, and low body weight (18 kg, <5thpercentile) were found. The family history was negative for primary
immunodeficiencies and hematological disorders. His mother and three
siblings (2 boys and 1 girl) are healthy; his father died in a car
accident at the age of 33 years.
The total number of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets
were normal but the patients had hypochromic anemia, neutropenia, and
CD19+ lymphopenia (Table 1). Immunochemistry tests
revealed agammaglobulinemia, and absence of pathogen-specific antibodies
to tetanus toxoid, H. influenza type B, and Str.
pneumoniae (Table 1). Concentrations of complement components C3
and C4 were normal, and measurement of thyroid hormones showed normal
levels of fT3 and fT4. The Quantiferon-TB test was negative. Based on
these findings, monthly intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy was
started. Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) related genes were analyzed
based on the most recent updated classification of the International
Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee (4). Mutation
screening by WES revealed that the patient harbored a private homozygous
variant in SLC39A7 . The variant was predicted to be deleterious
(CADD score: 27.1). No other disease-causing variant in other IEI
related genes were identified by WES. The SLC39A7 sequence
variant was validated by targeted gene sequencing, and we found that the
patient was homozygous whereas his mother and three siblings were all
heterozygous for the c.1051A>G, p.Thr351Ala mutation inSLC39A7 (Fig. 1).
We report here a novel private homozygous mutation in SLC39A7discovered in a boy with Albanian ancestry. This mutation results in an
amino acid substitution (alanine for threonine) located at position 351
of the ZIP7 protein. The biallelic variant is associated with a profound
decrease of peripheral blood B cells and immunoglobulin isotypes
resulting in recurrent and severe infectious diseases. As such, the
present work supports earlier evidence in which homozygous or compound
heterozygous mutations in SLC39A7 were found in 6 patients with
absent B cells and agammaglobulinemia and proposed as a novel PID. These
vary in that they occur at different residues within the protein (1).
Mutations including c.1051A>G described here resulted in
changes of amino acid residues mostly at the C terminal end of the
protein between residues 351 and 458 with no mutational hotspot (Fig.
1).
Transmembrane transporters of Ca2+,
Mg2+ and Zn2+ control the movement
of these divalent cation mediators of lymphocyte signaling between the
cytosol and the cytosolic organelles or the extracellular space (5-7).
Monogenic germline mutations of genes may result in loss of function of
the encoded transporter proteins and impaired adaptive immunity mediated
by B and T cells (ORAI1 mutation; 5), T and NK cells
(MAGT1 mutation; 6) or B cells (SLC39A7 mutation; 7)
resulting in PIDs. Structural and functional integrity of thousands of
proteins are regulated by Zn2+ transporters (7).
Biallelic hypomorphic mutations of SLC39A7 which encodes the
Zn2+ transporter ZIP7 has recently been discovered.
Pertinent to this, in mouse B cell lines with homozygous mutation, a
diminished concentration of cytoplasmic free Zn2+ and
decreased phosphorylation of signaling molecules of pre-B cell and B
cell receptors were found. These findings highlight the critical role
for cytoplasmic Zn2+ in B cell receptor signaling
downstream of the pre-B cell and B cell receptors.
Similarly to defects of B cell development to rearrange heavy and then
light chain immunoglobulin genes that lead to AR and X-linked
agammaglobulinemias, loss of function alleles of SLC39A7 may lead
to impaired B cell signaling. The patient described in this report had
agammaglobulinemia, lack of B cells, and hypoplastic lymph nodes and
tonsils despite recurrent upper respiratory tract infections. We thought
of XLA and searched for BTK mutation first but found wild type
sequences in the patient (not shown). Next, WES and targeted gene
sequencing were used to search for known AR and AD agammaglobulinemia
genes and we found in the patient’s DNA a previously unknown
c.1051A>G, p.Thr351Ala SLC39A7 mutation. By using
blood derived DNA samples from all available family members, we
confirmed homozygosity of this SLC39A7 mutation in the patient
and heterozygosity in family members who were clinically healthy (Fig.
1). The gene encoding the zinc transporter protein ZIP7 has been
implicated to cause autosomal recessive agammaglobulinemia in white
European, South Asian, and Hispanic ancestries (7). To our knowledge the
patient reported here is the first diagnosed with inherited ZIP7
deficiency in Central and Eastern Europe.
Hematologic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) was found beneficial in two
of the 6 patients in the previous study (7); these two patients had the
most severe disease phenotype including failure to thrive, blistering
dermatitis and thrombocytopenia in addition to early onset infections,
agammaglobulinemia and B cell depletion which were present in all
patients. The other 4 patients including those two with failure to
thrive, liver dysfunction and seborrheic dermatitis, responded well to
intravenous immunoglobulin replacement alone. HSCT in our patient has
not been performed until now, because we did not have an accurate
molecular diagnosis, so we treated him with regular IVIG substitution
dose of 400 mg/3-4 weeks, since his 9½ years of age. The adherence to
the treatment has often been poor and he has signs of chronic pulmonary
damage. He does not attend school, does not cooperate and spirometry
cannot be performed which make clinical management challenging.
In summary, the report of this patient adds to the current clinical and
genetic knowledge on ZIP7 deficiency in humans. Early recognition and
diagnosis of this condition is pivotal for improved outcomes and
prevention of complications like lung tissue damage developed over years
in this patient. Unfortunately, most patients with PID in Eastern and
Central Europe still remain without molecular diagnosis (8-10).
Therefore, collaborative programs with more advanced centers are
critically important especially in countries with lower socioeconomic
condition and limited resources to molecular diagnostics. Such a program
has been established by the J Project physician education and clinical
research collaboration network
(www.thejpnetwork.com). The J
Project program provides help for early diagnosis, treatment, and family
counseling of known and even very recently described PIDs like ZIP7
deficiency (10). In conclusion, diagnosis of ZIP7 deficiency should be
contemplated in patients with autosomal recessive agammaglobulinemia and
recurrent, early onset infectious diseases.
KEYWORDS
zinc transporter proteins, SLC39A7 mutation, B cell deficiency,
agammaglobulinemia