References
1. Ananth CV, Duzyj CM, Yadava S, Schwebel M, Tita ATN, Joseph KS. Changes in the Prevalence of Chronic Hypertension in Pregnancy, United States, 1970 to 2010. Hypertension. 2019;74(5):1089-95.
2. Kim SY, Dietz PM, England L, Morrow B, Callaghan WM. Trends in pre-pregnancy obesity in nine states, 1993-2003. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007;15(4):986-93.
3. Hales CM, Fryar CD, Carroll MD, Freedman DS, Ogden CL. Trends in Obesity and Severe Obesity Prevalence in US Youth and Adults by Sex and Age, 2007-2008 to 2015-2016. JAMA. 2018;319(16):1723-5.
4. Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Ventura SJ, Osterman MJ, Kirmeyer S, Mathews TJ, et al. Births: final data for 2009. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2011;60(1):1-70.
5. Misra DP, Ananth CV. Infant mortality among singletons and twins in the United States during 2 decades: effects of maternal age. Pediatrics. 2002;110(6):1163-8.
6. Bateman BT, Bansil P, Hernandez-Diaz S, Mhyre JM, Callaghan WM, Kuklina EV. Prevalence, trends, and outcomes of chronic hypertension: a nationwide sample of delivery admissions. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206(2):134 e1-8.
7. Creanga AA, Berg CJ, Syverson C, Seed K, Bruce FC, Callaghan WM. Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States, 2006-2010. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125(1):5-12.
8. Bramham K, Parnell B, Nelson-Piercy C, Seed PT, Poston L, Chappell LC. Chronic hypertension and pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2014;348:g2301.
9. Sutton EF, Hauspurg A, Caritis SN, Powers RW, Catov JM. Maternal Outcomes Associated With Lower Range Stage 1 Hypertension. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;132(4):843-9.
10. Williams MA, Mittendorf R, Monson RR. Chronic hypertension, cigarette smoking, and abruptio placentae. Epidemiology. 1991;2(6):450-3.
11. Ananth CV, Vintzileos AM. Ischemic placental disease: epidemiology and risk factors. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2011;159(1):77-82.
12. Wu P, Chew-Graham CA, Maas AH, Chappell LC, Potts JE, Gulati M, et al. Temporal Changes in Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Impact on Cardiovascular and Obstetric Outcomes. Am J Cardiol. 2020;125(10):1508-16.
13. Wu CC, Chen SH, Ho CH, Liang FW, Chu CC, Wang HY, et al. End-stage renal disease after hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;210(2):147 e1-8.
14. Cirillo PM, Cohn BA. Pregnancy complications and cardiovascular disease death: 50-year follow-up of the Child Health and Development Studies pregnancy cohort. Circulation. 2015;132(13):1234-42.
15. Grandi SM, Filion KB, Yoon S, Ayele HT, Doyle CM, Hutcheon JA, et al. Cardiovascular Disease-Related Morbidity and Mortality in Women With a History of Pregnancy Complications. Circulation. 2019;139(8):1069-79.
16. Ankumah NA, Cantu J, Jauk V, Biggio J, Hauth J, Andrews W, et al. Risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with mild chronic hypertension before 20 weeks of gestation. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;123(5):966-72.
17. Ananth CV, Savitz DA, Bowes WA, Jr. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and stillbirth in North Carolina, 1988 to 1991. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1995;74(10):788-93.
18. Panaitescu AM, Syngelaki A, Prodan N, Akolekar R, Nicolaides KH. Chronic hypertension and adverse pregnancy outcome: a cohort study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;50(2):228-35.
19. Nzelu D, Dumitrascu-Biris D, Kay P, Nicolaides KH, Kametas NA. Severe hypertension, preeclampsia and small for gestational age in women with chronic hypertension diagnosed before and during pregnancy. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2018;14:200-4.
20. Ananth CV, Basso O. Impact of pregnancy-induced hypertension on stillbirth and neonatal mortality. Epidemiology. 2010;21(1):118-23.
21. Zetterstrom K, Lindeberg SN, Haglund B, Hanson U. The association of maternal chronic hypertension with perinatal death in male and female offspring: a record linkage study of 866,188 women. BJOG. 2008;115(11):1436-42.
22. Tuovinen S, Eriksson JG, Kajantie E, Lahti J, Pesonen AK, Heinonen K, et al. Maternal hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and self-reported cognitive impairment of the offspring 70 years later: the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;208(3):200 e1-9.
23. Tuovinen S, Aalto-Viljakainen T, Eriksson JG, Kajantie E, Lahti J, Pesonen AK, et al. Maternal hypertensive disorders during pregnancy: adaptive functioning and psychiatric and psychological problems of the older offspring. BJOG. 2014;121(12):1482-91.
24. Grace T, Bulsara M, Pennell C, Hands B. Maternal hypertensive diseases negatively affect offspring motor development. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2014;4(3):209-14.
25. Harper LM, Biggio JR, Anderson S, Tita AT. Gestational Age of Delivery in Pregnancies Complicated by Chronic Hypertension. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;127(6):1101-9.
26. American College of Obstetricians Gynecologists. Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(5):1122-31.
27. Martin JA, Osterman MJ, Kirmeyer SE, Gregory EC. Measuring Gestational Age in Vital Statistics Data: Transitioning to the Obstetric Estimate. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2015;64(5):1-20.
28. Gregory ECW, Martin JA, Argov EL, Osterman MJK. Assessing the Quality of Medical and Health Data From the 2003 Birth Certificate Revision: Results From New York City. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2019;68(8):1-20.
29. Spiegelman D, Hertzmark E. Easy SAS calculations for risk or prevalence ratios and differences. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;162(3):199-200.
30. Harel O, Mitchell EM, Perkins NJ, Cole SR, Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ, Sun B, et al. Multiple Imputation for Incomplete Data in Epidemiologic Studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2018;187(3):576-84.
31. Rubin DB. Inference and missing data. Biometrika. 1976;63(3):581-92.
32. Ananth CV, Schisterman EF. Confounding, causality, and confusion: the role of intermediate variables in interpreting observational studies in obstetrics. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;217(2):167-75.
33. Robins JM, Greenland S. Identifiability and exchangeability for direct and indirect effects. Epidemiology. 1992;3(2):143-55.
34. Pearl J. Direct and Indirect Effects. Proceedings of the Seventeenth conference on Uncertainty in artificial intelligence. 2001:411-20.
35. Valeri L, Vanderweele TJ. Mediation analysis allowing for exposure-mediator interactions and causal interpretation: theoretical assumptions and implementation with SAS and SPSS macros. Psychol Methods. 2013;18(2):137-50.
36. Ananth CV, VanderWeele TJ. Placental abruption and perinatal mortality with preterm delivery as a mediator: disentangling direct and indirect effects. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;174(1):99-108.
37. Lash TL, Fox MP, Fink AK. Applying quantitative bias analysis to epidemiologic data.: Springer-Verlag New York; 2009.
38. Lash TL, Fox MP, MacLehose RF, Maldonado G, McCandless LC, Greenland S. Good practices for quantitative bias analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(6):1969-85.
39. Episensr HD. Basic Sensitivity Analysis of Epidemiological Results. R package 0.9.999. ed2020.
40. Premkumar A, Baer RJ, Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL, Norton ME. Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Preterm Birth Rates among Black Women. Am J Perinatol. 2019;36(2):148-54.
41. Kase BA, Carreno CA, Blackwell SC, Sibai BM. The impact of medically indicated and spontaneous preterm birth among hypertensive women. Am J Perinatol. 2013;30(10):843-8.
42. Hutcheon JA, Lisonkova S, Magee LA, Von Dadelszen P, Woo HL, Liu S, et al. Optimal timing of delivery in pregnancies with pre-existing hypertension. BJOG. 2011;118(1):49-54.
43. American College of Obstetricians Gynecologists, Committee on Practice Bulletins, Obstetrics. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 203: Chronic Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133(1):e26-e50.
44. Oshiro BT, Kowalewski L, Sappenfield W, Alter CC, Bettegowda VR, Russell R, et al. A multistate quality improvement program to decrease elective deliveries before 39 weeks of gestation. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121(5):1025-31.
45. Niskanen L, Laaksonen DE, Nyyssonen K, Punnonen K, Valkonen VP, Fuentes R, et al. Inflammation, abdominal obesity, and smoking as predictors of hypertension. Hypertension. 2004;44(6):859-65.
46. Gurven M, Blackwell AD, Rodriguez DE, Stieglitz J, Kaplan H. Does blood pressure inevitably rise with age?: longitudinal evidence among forager-horticulturalists. Hypertension. 2012;60(1):25-33.
47. Chen A, Feresu SA, Fernandez C, Rogan WJ. Maternal obesity and the risk of infant death in the United States. Epidemiology. 2009;20(1):74-81.
48. Jacobsson B, Ladfors L, Milsom I. Advanced maternal age and adverse perinatal outcome. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104(4):727-33.
49. Delbaere I, Verstraelen H, Goetgeluk S, Martens G, De Backer G, Temmerman M. Pregnancy outcome in primiparae of advanced maternal age. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2007;135(1):41-6.
50. McDonald SD, Han Z, Mulla S, Beyene J, Knowledge Synthesis G. Overweight and obesity in mothers and risk of preterm birth and low birth weight infants: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ. 2010;341:c3428.
51. Pineles BL, Hsu S, Park E, Samet JM. Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Perinatal Death and Maternal Exposure to Tobacco Smoke During Pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol. 2016;184(2):87-97.
52. NIH. Chronic Hypertension and Pregnancy (CHAP) Project. 2020.