3.5 | Publication bias and heterogeneity
We used the Deeks plot asymmetry test to examine publication bias. The
funnel plot did not reveal significant publication bias (p=0.37)
(Supplementary Figure 4 ). Heterogeneity among the included
studies was measured using the Cochran-Q method and
I2. Substantial heterogeneity existed among the
studies (overall I2 for bivariate model 99.95%, 95%
CI 94 to 100). The proportion of heterogeneity likely due to the
threshold effect was small (p<0.05).