Effect of skin secretions on the longevity of parasite larvae
L3 lived between 7 and 59 (mean ± SD: 34 ± 10) days. L3 longevity was best explained by parasite origin and treatment (Table S4). L3 from invasion-front populations lived longer than did those from the range-core (mean ± SD: 40 ± 9 versus 29 ± 7 days; log-rank test: p < 0.001). Skin secretions from invasion-front toads reduced longevity of both groups of L3 (Fig. 3). In contrast, skin secretions from range-core toads and from frogs did not reduce larval longevity (Fig. 3, Table S5).