Fig.5 Structural equation model (SEM) linking each resource availability to plant (a) abundance and (b) species diversity in shrubland, (c) abundance and (d) species diversity in shrub layer of woodland, and (e) abundance and (f) species diversity in tree layer of woodland. The numbers above the arrows indicate path coefficients (λ, standardized regression coefficients), and the strength of path coefficients is indicated by the width of the arrows. Solid black lines indicate significant (P < 0.05) pathways and dashed black lines indicate non-significant (P > 0.05). R2 values represent the proportion of variance explained for abundance and species diversity. For abbreviations, see Material and Methods and Table 2.