Declaration:
Funding: International Association for Bear Research and Management,
National Geographic Society (EC-59498R-19), Rufford Foundation
(29046-1); Cleveland Metroparks Zoo; The Mitsui & Co. Environment Fund;
Hokkaido University (WISE Program)
Conflicts of interest: No conflict of interest
Ethics approval: Not applicable
Consent to participants: Not applicable
Data Accessibility : The data used to generate analysis is presented in
the table and appendices and will be archived in publicly accessible
repository Dryad.
Authour’s Contribution: RPP, RK, NS conceptualized the research; RPP
lead the data collection, curation, formal analysis and wrote the
original draft; RK supported analysis, funding acquisition,
writing-review and editing; BRL supported in formal analysis,
methodology, writing-review and editing, MSh supported writing-review
and editing; TT supervised the study (lead); NS, MSh, MS supervised the
study (Equal).