Declaration:
Funding: International Association for Bear Research and Management, National Geographic Society (EC-59498R-19), Rufford Foundation (29046-1); Cleveland Metroparks Zoo; The Mitsui & Co. Environment Fund; Hokkaido University (WISE Program)
Conflicts of interest: No conflict of interest
Ethics approval: Not applicable
Consent to participants: Not applicable
Data Accessibility : The data used to generate analysis is presented in the table and appendices and will be archived in publicly accessible repository Dryad.
Authour’s Contribution: RPP, RK, NS conceptualized the research; RPP lead the data collection, curation, formal analysis and wrote the original draft; RK supported analysis, funding acquisition, writing-review and editing; BRL supported in formal analysis, methodology, writing-review and editing, MSh supported writing-review and editing; TT supervised the study (lead); NS, MSh, MS supervised the study (Equal).