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Table 1. The effects of region of origin (Italy or Fennoscandia), maternal environment (greenhouse or Italy field site) and their interaction (fixed effects) and population nested within region of origin and its interaction with maternal environment (random effects, in italics) on germination proportion 12 weeks after seed maturation examined with mixed-effect ANOVA. The analysis was based on line means. Statistical significance of fixed explanatory variables was determined by F-tests, and significance of random factors was tested using Likelihood Ratio Tests between full and reduced models. Statistically significant effects (P<0.05) are in bold.