Table 2. Beta coefficients (β) and lower and upper confidence intervals (CI) for the top predator-specific models predicting the relative probability of elk occurrence in scat based on Akaike’s Information Criterion corrected for small sample sizes (AICc) for four predators along the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, Alberta, Canada, 2013 – 2016.
Species Variable β 95% CI 95% CI
Lower Upper
Bear Herbaceous forage biomass 0.06 0.03 0.10
Open cover -4.83 -8.58 -1.63
Cougar Forest edge density 1.25 0.31 2.49
Coyote Herbaceous forage biomass 0.050 0.030 0.070
Distance to streams 0.00032 0.00006 0.00058
Motorized road/trail density -0.88 -1.83 -0.13
Wolf Herbaceous forage biomass 0.21 0.16 0.27
Terrain ruggedness 0.85 0.53 1.19
Deciduous-mixed forest -36.29 -56.85 -18.25