Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation.
QGIS Development Team. (2020). QGIS geographic information
system . Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project.
http://qgis.osgeo.org.
Reeves, T. (1976). Vegetation and flora of Chiricahua National
Monument, Cochise County, Arizona . Arizona State University.
Richter, C., Rejmánek, M., Miller, J. E., Welch, K. R., Weeks, J., &
Safford, H. (2019). The species diversity× fire severity relationship is
hump‐shaped in semiarid yellow pine and mixed conifer forests.Ecosphere , 10 (10), e02882.
Romme, W. H. (1982). Fire and landscape diversity in subalpine forests
of Yellowstone National Park. Ecological Monographs ,52 (2), 199–221.
Romme, W. H., Whitby, T. G., Tinker, D. B., & Turner, M. G. (2016).
Deterministic and stochastic processes lead to divergence in plant
communities 25 years after the 1988 Yellowstone fires. Ecological
Monographs , 86 (3), 327–351.
Roseberry, R. D., & Dole Jr, N. E. (1939). The vegetation type survey
of Chiricahua National Monument. US Department of Interior, San
Francisco .
Sawyer, D. A., & Kinraide, T. B. (1980). The forest vegetation at
higher altitudes in the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona. American
Midland Naturalist , 224–241.
Schwilk, D. W., Keeley, J. E., & Bond, W. J. (1997). The intermediate
disturbance hypothesis does not explain fire and diversity pattern in
fynbos. Plant Ecology , 132 (1), 77–84.
Sheil, D., & Burslem, D. (2013). Defining and defending Connell’s
intermediate disturbance hypothesis: A response to Fox. Trends in
Ecology and Evol ution 28 (10), 571–572.
Shreve, F. (1915). The vegetation of a desert mountain range as
conditioned by climatic factors (Issue 217). Carnegie Institution of
Washington.
Singleton, M. P., Thode, A. E., Meador, A. J. S., & Iniguez, J. M.
(2019). Increasing trends in high-severity fire in the southwestern USA
from 1984 to 2015. Forest Ecology and Management , 433 ,
709–719.
Sousa, W. P. (1979). Disturbance in marine intertidal boulder fields:
The nonequilibrium maintenance of species diversity. Ecology ,60 (6), 1225–1239.
Stevens, J. T., Safford, H. D., Harrison, S., & Latimer, A. M. (2015).
Forest disturbance accelerates thermophilization of understory plant
communities. Journal of Ecology , 103 (5), 1253–1263.
Stevens-Rumann, C. S., & Morgan, P. (2019). Tree regeneration
following wildfires in the western US: a review. Fire Ecology 15, 15 .
Strand, E. K., Satterberg, K. L., Hudak, A. T., Byrne, J., Khalyani, A.
H., & Smith, A. M. (2019). Does burn severity affect plant community
diversity and composition in mixed conifer forests of the United States
Intermountain West one decade post fire? Fire Ecology ,15 (1), 1–22.
Strom, B. A., & Fulé, P. Z. (2007). Pre-wildfire fuel treatments affect
long-term ponderosa pine forest dynamics. International Journal of
Wildland Fire , 16 (1), 128–138. Swetnam, T. W., Baisan, C. H.,
Brown, P. M., & Caprio, A. C. (1989). Fire history of Rhyolite
Canyon, Chiricahua National Monument . Cooperative National Park
Resources Studies Unit, University of Arizona, Department of the US
Interior.
Swetnam, T. W., & Baisan, C. H. (1996). Fire histories of montane
forests in the Madrean Borderlands. United States Department of
Agriculture Forest Service General Technical Report RM , 15–36.
Swetnam, T. W., Baisan, C. H., & Kaib, J. M. (2001). Forest fire
histories of La Frontera: Fire-scar reconstructions of fire regimes in
the United States/Mexico borderlands. Vegetation and Flora of La
Frontera: Historic Vegetation Change along the United States/Mexico
Boundary. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA ,
95–119.
R Core Team. (2013). R: A language and environment for statistical
computing .
Taylor, A. H.; Poulos, H. M.; Kluber, J.; Issacs, R.; Pawlikowski, N.;
Barton, A. M. (in press). controls on spatial patterns of wildfire
severity and early post-fire vegetation development in an Arizona Sky
Island, USA. Landscape Ecology .
USDA, NRCS. (2021). The PLANTS Database (http://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov,
05/03/2021). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC USA.
Van Mantgem, P. J., Falk, D. A., Williams, E. C., Das, A. J., &
Stephenson, N. L. (2018). Pre‐fire drought and competition mediate
post‐fire conifer mortality in western US National Parks.Ecological Applications , 28 (7), 1730–1739.
Villarreal, M. L., Haire, S. L., Iniguez, J. M., Montaño, C. C., &
Poitras, T. B. (2019). Distant neighbors: Recent wildfire patterns of
the Madrean Sky Islands of southwestern United States and northwestern
Mexico. Fire Ecology , 15 (1), 1–20.
Villarreal, M. L., Iniguez, J. M., Flesch, A. D., Sanderlin, J. S.,
Cortés Montaño, C., Conrad, C. R., & Haire, S. L. (2020). Contemporary
fire regimes provide a critical perspective on restoration needs in the
Mexico-United States borderlands. Air, Soil and Water Research ,13 , 1178622120969191.
Vivoni, E. R., Gutiérrez-Jurado, H. A., Aragón, C. A., Méndez-Barroso,
L. A., Rinehart, A. J., Wyckoff, R. L., Rodríguez, J. C., Watts, C. J.,
Bolten, J. D., & Lakshmi, V. (2007). Variation of hydrometeorological
conditions along a topographic transect in northwestern Mexico during
the North American monsoon. Journal of Climate , 20 (9),
1792–1809.
Westerling, A. L. (2016). Increasing western US forest wildfire
activity: Sensitivity to changes in the timing of spring.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological
Sciences , 371 (1696), 20150178.
Whittaker, R. H. (1970). Communities and ecosystems. Communities
and Ecosystems.
Whittaker, R. H., Buol, S. W., Niering, W. A., & Havens, Y. H. (1968).
A soil and vegetation pattern in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona.Soil Science , 105 (6), 440–450.
Whittaker, R. H. (1972). Evolution and measurement of species diversity.Taxon , 21 (2–3), 213–251.
Whittaker, R. H., & Niering, W. A. (1975). Vegetation of the Santa
Catalina Mountains, Arizona. V. Biomass, production, and diversity along
the elevation gradient. Ecology , 56 (4), 771–790.
Wilder, M., Garfin, G., Ganster, P., Eakin, H., Romero-Lankao, P.,
Lara-Valencia, F., Cortez-Lara, A. A., Mumme, S., Neri, C., &
Muñoz-Arriola, F. (2013). Climate change and US-Mexico border
communities. In Assessment of Climate Change in the Southwest
United States (pp. 340–384). Springer.
Williams, A. P., Allen, C. D., Macalady, A. K., Griffin, D., Woodhouse,
C. A., Meko, D. M., Swetnam, T. W., Rauscher, S. A., Seager, R., &
Grissino-Mayer, H. D. (2013). Temperature as a potent driver of regional
forest drought stress and tree mortality. Nature Climate Change ,3 (3), 292–297.
Williams, A. P., Seager, R., Berkelhammer, M., Macalady, A. K.,
Crimmins, M. A., Swetnam, T. W., Trugman, A. T., Buenning, N., Hryniw,
N., & McDowell, N. G. (2014). Causes and implications of extreme
atmospheric moisture demand during the record-breaking 2011 wildfire
season in the southwestern United States. Journal of Applied
Meteorology and Climatology , 53 (12), 2671–2684.
Williams, A. P., Abatzoglou, J. T., Gershunov, A., Guzman‐Morales, J.,
Bishop, D. A., Balch, J. K., & Lettenmaier, D. P. (2019). Observed
impacts of anthropogenic climate change on wildfire in California.Earth’s Future , 7 (8), 892–910.
Yanahan, A. D., & Moore, W. (2019). Impacts of 21st‐century climate
change on montane habitat in the Madrean Sky Island Archipelago.Diversity and Distributions , 25 (10), 1625–1638.
TABLE 1. Statistical results for linear mixed effects models of alpha
diversity metrics (species richness, evenness, and inverse Simpson) in
relation to fire severity (dNBR) and the topographic variables elevation
(Elev), topographic relative moisture index (TRMI), and terrain
ruggedness index (TRI). Analyzed data were abundance for each species in
each of 138 plots. Results are provided for final models, factors, t
values, and statistical significance (*P <0.05,
**P <0.01, ***P <0.001).