3.1 Seasonal variations in environmental factors
Rainfall was generally occurred in the rainy season (i.e., June–December), although rainfall was unusually high during April and May 2018 (Fig. S1a). Cumulated rainfall during the first cultivation period (from Sep 2017 to Jan 2018) (218 mm) was less than half that of the second cultivation period (from Aug 2018 to Dec 2018) (531 mm) and the third cultivation period (from Aug 2019 to Dec 2019) (606 mm). During the periods when rainfall events were concentrated, soil moisture kept high (c.a. 0.25 m3 m-3). According to the RM-ANOVA (Table 2), soil moisture was weakly related to the treatment (16.6 %). Average soil moisture in the B treatment (0.15 m3 m-3) was significantly higher than that in the C treatment (0.12 m3m-3) throughout the experimental period, while FYM application did not affect the soil moisture (Fig. S1a).
Air temperature showed a fluctuation from 19.2 °C to 29.9 °C, and average air temperature was 24.7 °C over the experimental period (Fig. S1b). Seasonal variations in soil temperature followed that of air temperature throughout the experimental period (Fig. S1b). Average soil temperature was 33.9 °C, 33.5 °C, 33.4 °C and 33.8 °C in the C, B, M and BM treatments, respectively, and there were no significant differences among treatments.