Study participants
We obtained observational data on 7069 children aged 12 from the Taiwan Children Health Study (TCHS). The TCHS was a nationwide prospective study that comprised two cohorts of children, with 8.64% of the participants having physician-diagnosed asthma. The analysis herein included 3233 children in Cohort 1 and 3836 children in Cohort 2. The detailed study design and recruitment strategy were previously described10. Follow-up surveys were performed in 2012 and 2018 until these children were 17 years old. This study was approved by the Ethics Committees and was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki after obtaining informed consent from participating parents and children.