Study participants
We obtained observational data on 7069 children aged 12 from the Taiwan
Children Health Study (TCHS). The TCHS was a nationwide prospective
study that comprised two cohorts of children, with 8.64% of the
participants having physician-diagnosed asthma. The analysis herein
included 3233 children in Cohort 1 and 3836 children in Cohort 2. The
detailed study design and recruitment strategy were previously
described10. Follow-up surveys were performed in 2012
and 2018 until these children were 17 years old. This study was approved
by the Ethics Committees and was conducted according to the Declaration
of Helsinki after obtaining informed consent from participating parents
and children.