Camera-trapping
Jaguars were most active during two periods within a 24-hour cycle, 07:00-08:00 and 22:00-23:00 hours (Figure 2). The occupancy models show that two of the five pairs of species (P. onca  + P. tajacuand P. onca  + C. paca ) occur more frequently than they would if they were independent (ΨBA > ΨBa; Table 1). This assessment is supported by the nu parameter values of SIF<1 (Table 2) which also indicate P. tajacu andC. paca show a higher occupancy in the presence of jaguars. The other three species pairing (P. onca  + D. punctata,P. onca  + M. temama, and P. onca  + M. pandora ) show an independent (ΨBA = ΨBa, SIF = 1) co-occurrence but were not detected. In contrast, the co-detection of the species pairing of P. onca  + D. punctata , P. onca  + M. temama, andP. onca  + M. pandora showed a positive interaction; these prey species and jaguars were detected more frequently than if they were independent (rBA>rBa; Table 2). This assessment is also corroborated by the rhoparameter value of SIF> 1. Our analysis also revealed independence of co-detection for P. onca  + P. tajacu andP. onca  + C. paca(rBA = rBa, SIF = 1, Table 2) and as noted in the best seven models (Table 3).