Variable Odds ratio Odds ratio Odds ratio Odds ratio
Number of studies Estimate, 95% CI Heterogeneity Heterogeneity
I2 P-value
Older age 23 0.77 (0.60, 0.95) 47.2% 0.007
Age > 40 years 4 0.83 (0.54, 1.13) 34.2% 0.207
Age > 45 years 19 0.76 (0.55, 0.97) 47.6% 0.011
Being male 24 0.86 (0.76, 0.97) 19.0% 0.202
Urban residence 17 0.86 (0.58, 1.15) 75.2% <0.001
Single 11 1.12 (0.84, 1.40) 46.0% 0.047
Being a house wife 7 0.86 (0.50, 1.21) 0.0% <0.875
Being a farmer 8 0.81 (0.42, 1.19) 48.0% 0.061
Being a daily laborer 4 0.97 (0.16, 1.78) 33.4% 0.212
Unemployed 4 2.71 (1.64, 3.78) 0.0% 0.556
Family size > 3 members 6 0.87 (0.61, 1.14) 0.0% 0.760
Alcohol consumption 12 0.96 (0.53, 1.38) 70.01% <0.001
Khat chewing 6 1.01 (0.63, 1.38) 0.0% 0.440
Smoker 11 0.75 (0.34, 1.16) 58.3% 0.08
Imprisonment 8 1.00 (0.43, 1.56) 0.0% 0.954
Being HIV positive 21 1.35 (0.95, 1.74) 73.6% <0.001
Have DM 4 0.85 (-0.22, 1.93) 0.0% 0.838
MDR-TB contact 4 2.54 (1.46, 3,63) 0.0% 0.621
TB contact 11 1.72 (1.05, 2.40) 73.8% <0.001
History of previous TB treatment 20 4.83 (3.02, 6.64) 69.6% <0.001
History of two or more TB episodes 7 1.03 (-0.03, 2.99) 79.2% <0.001
Having pulmonary TB 8 1.80 (1.14, 2.45) 0.0% 0.487