The other approach for estimation flood mortality risk is the US army corps of engineers scalable approach, which is based on three factors of flood severity, exposed population, and shelter type (Needham, Fields, & Lehman, 2016). Penning-Rowsell et al., in 2004 introduced a framework for risk assessment while they want to estimate injury and loss of life. This framework contains four stages for risk assessment as Hazard identification, Hazard characterization, Exposure Assessment, and Risk Characterization. However, the foundation of hazards in this study is also based on natural hazards (Penning-Rowsell, Floyd, Ramsbottom, & Surendran, 2005).
It is very important to identify parameters related to the flood risk due to breaking dams, especially by malicious attacks. In the dam failure risk assessment model mostly the dominant failure mode of the dam is identified. There are different parameters, which are mentioned in another research for evaluating and assessing the vulnerabilities due to a dam break. The speed of onset, flood duration, type of debris, nature of floodwater, level of flood risk, nature of floodplain which dictates water depth, and velocity are some of these parameters mentioned in previous research (Aerts, 2016; Delgado-Hernández, Morales-Nápoles, De-León-Escobedo, & Arteaga-Arcos, 2014; Matos, Mignan, & Schleiss, 2015; Penning-Rowsell et al., 2005; Somos-Valenzuela et al., 2015; Sun et al., 2014; Tsakiris, 2014; Zhang, Xu, Liu, & Peng, 2013). Vulnerability assessment has been computed based on consequences in three categories by Sun et al. in 2014 as life loss, economic loss, and social and environmental impact, although the speed and depth of flow downstream have been considered in dam-break flood simulation (Sun et al., 2014; Zhou et al., 2014). In other methods such as the GenMR framework for large dams, the hazard type is connected to damage classes for assessing vulnerability while considered hazards are more performances based on hydropower or outlet malfunction besides natural hazards such as flood and earthquake (Matos et al., 2015). Other researches assign the value of properties exposure to flood as a basic element for vulnerability assessment (Aerts, 2016). One of the comprehensive descriptions for the vulnerability was presented as a dependency, mainly on the degree of exposure, the capability of the system to withstand, the magnitude of the phenomenon, and the social factor (Tsakiris, 2014). In HURAM model also depth, speed, and duration are three important factors to estimate vulnerability to dam-break flood (Zhang et al., 2013). Figure 1 tries to illustrate the different vulnerability assessment parameters based on previous methods.