Uqcr11: ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex III subunit XI,Ndufs1: NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 1, 75kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase), Nmdar1 : Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 1, uzip : Unzipped, PHRF1 : PHD and RING finger domain-containing protein 1, Chmp1: chromatine modifying protein 1, 5-ht7 : serotonin receptor 7, RpL35: ribosomal protein L35, CTL5: C-type lectin 5, crh-BP:corticotropin-releasing hormone binding protein, ATP5G2: ATP synthase H+ transporting mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit C2 (subunit 9), Grp : glycine-rich cuticle protein,Rep: Rab escort protein, LCCH3: ligand-gated chloride channel homolog 3, Amel_8916: cys-loop ligand-gated ion channel subunit 8916,Gpdh: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, Tpx-4 : thioredoxin peroxidase 4, CPR : cuticular protein, Rga:regulator of gene activity protein, SP34 : venom serine protease 34, Snf : U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein A, GstS1:glutathione S-transferase S1, Pban : pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide, WRNexo : WRN exonuclease,Uvop : ultraviolet-sensitive opsin, Mad : MAX dimerization protein
Figure 1: Photographs of Apis mellifera mellifera and Apis mellifera carnica worker bees sampled in Switzerland.
Figure 2: High-resolution population network of honey bees (Apis mellifera) . Each colony is illustrated by a node, with individual node size proportional to FROH, whilst the node color represents the sample origin (A) and the individual levels of admixture (B) at the optimal cluster solution (K = 5). The thickness of edges varies in the proportion of the genetic distance to visualize individual relationship between the colonies. The topology of the network clearly differentiated Apis mellifera carnica (CAR) from Apis mellifera mellifera (MEL) (dashed circles) and described well-defined substructure within MEL according to the genetic origin (patrilines and conserved MEL).
Figure 3: Identified homozygosity islands across the honey bee (Apis mellifera) genome (16 chromosomes). Breed-specific homozygosity islands of Apis mellifera carnica (CAR) are illustrated in dark grey; those of Apis mellifera mellifera (MEL) are in brown and the common segment in light grey.