Acknowledgements
Financial support for this study was provided by Bundesamt für
Landwirtschaft BLW (Swiss Federal Office for Agriculture FOAG) Grant No.
627000708, by Labogena and FranceAgriMer (Programme d’Investissements
d’Avenir), the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, and the USDA
NIFA Multi-state Hatch Project NC1173. We thank Lucie Genestout
(Labogena) for coordinating the Beestrong project, Christina Sann and
Yannick Poquet (Labogena) for organising the sampling in Savoie, and
Alice Revel (Agroscope) for her help in organising the sampling in
Switzerland. We thank Rachid Mahla (Labogena) for DNA extraction and
Olivier Bouchez (GeT-PlaGe) for sequencing. Sequencing was performed in
collaboration with the GeT platform, Toulouse (France), a partner of the
National Infrastructure France Genomique, thanks to support by the
Commissariat aux Grands Investissements (ANR‐10‐INBS‐0009). Sequence
alignments and allele frequencies estimations were performed on the
computer cluster of the Genotoul bioinformatics platform Toulouse
Midi‐Pyrénées (www.bioinfo.genotoul.fr). We are grateful to all of the
experts for colony evaluation and to all of the beekeepers for
supporting the sample collection. This study was performed in
collaboration with the Beestrong Consortium. Beestrong Consortium: Sonia
Eynard, Alain Vignal, Bertrand Servin (INRAE, GenPhyse, 31326
Castanet-Tolosan, France), Lucie Genestout, Rachid Mahla, Christina
Sann, Yannick Poquet, Yves Agez (LABOGENA DNA, Laboratoire d’Analyses
Génétiques pour les Espèces Animales, Domaine de Vilvert, 78353
Jouy-en-Josas, France), François Guillaume (Evolution XY, rue Eric
Tabarly, 35538 Noyal-Sur-Vilaine, France), Benjamin Basso, Yves Le
Conte, Fanny Mondet (INRAE, Abeilles et Environnement, 84914 Avignon,
France & UMT PrADE, 84914 Avignon, France), Benjamin Basso, Axel
Decourtye (ITSAP, 84914 Avignon, France), Florence Phocas, Jean-Pierre
Bidanel (Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350,
Jouy-en-Josas, France), Olivier Bouchez (GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, INRAE
Auzeville, 31320, Castanet-Tolosan, France).