References
1. Schwarz F, Baumann P, Manthey J, et al. The effect of aortic valve
replacement on survival. Circulation 1982;66:1105-10.
2. Alivizatos PA. Dwight Emary Harken, MD, an all-American surgical
giant: Pioneer cardiac surgeon, teacher, mentor. Baylor University
Medical Center Proceedings 2018;31:554-7.
3. Eveborn GW, Schirmer H, Heggelund G, Lunde P, Rasmussen K. The
evolving epidemiology of valvular aortic stenosis. The Tromsø Study.
Heart 2013;99:396-400.
4. Gannon PG, Sellers RD, Kanjuh VI, Edwards JE, Lillehei CW. Complete
heart block following replacement of the aortic valve. Circulation
1966;33:I152-I61.
5. Rosato S, Biancari F, D’Errigo P, et al. One-Year Outcomes after
Surgical versus Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement with Newer
Generation Devices. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2021;10:3703.
6. Leon MB, Smith CR, Mack MJ, et al. Transcatheter or Surgical
Aortic-Valve Replacement in Intermediate-Risk Patients. New England
Journal of Medicine 2016;374:1609-20.
7. Mack MJ, Leon MB, Thourani VH, et al. Transcatheter Aortic-Valve
Replacement with a Balloon-Expandable Valve in Low-Risk Patients. New
England Journal of Medicine 2019;380:1695-705.
8. Wang T, Ou A, Xia P, Tian J, Wang H, Cheng Z. Predictors for the risk
of permanent pacemaker implantation after transcatheter aortic valve
replacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis Journal of Cardiac
Surgery 2021.
9. Kawashima T, Sato F. Visualizing anatomical evidences on
atrioventricular conduction system for TAVI. International Journal of
Cardiology 2014;174:1-6.
10. Rodés-Cabau J, Ellenbogen KA, Krahn AD, et al. Management of
Conduction Disturbances Associated With Transcatheter Aortic Valve
Replacement: JACC Scientific Expert Panel. J Am Coll Cardiol
2019;74:1086-106.
11. Ferreira T, Da Costa A, Cerisier A, et al. Predictors of high‐degree
conduction disturbances and pacemaker implantation after transcatheter
aortic valve replacement: Prognostic role of the electrophysiological
study. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 2021;44:843-55.
12. Nazif TM, Dizon M, José, Hahn RT, et al. Predictors and Clinical
Outcomes of Permanent Pacemaker Implantation After Transcatheter Aortic
Valve Replacement. JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions 2015;8:60-9.
13. Clementy N, Bisson A, Bodin A, et al. Outcomes associated with
pacemaker implantation following transcatheter aortic valve replacement:
A nationwide cohort study. Heart Rhythm 2021.
14. Cahill TJ, Prendergast BD. Infective endocarditis. The Lancet
2016;387:882-93.
15. Lalani T. In-Hospital and 1-Year Mortality in Patients Undergoing
Early Surgery for Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis. JAMA Internal Medicine
2013;173:1495.
16. Sweeney MO, Hellkamp AS, Ellenbogen KA, et al. Adverse Effect of
Ventricular Pacing on Heart Failure and Atrial Fibrillation Among
Patients With Normal Baseline QRS Duration in a Clinical Trial of
Pacemaker Therapy for Sinus Node Dysfunction. Circulation
2003;107:2932-7.
17. Regueiro A, Abdul-Jawad Altisent O, Del Trigo M, et al. Impact of
New-Onset Left Bundle Branch Block and Periprocedural Permanent
Pacemaker Implantation on Clinical Outcomes in Patients Undergoing
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. Circulation: Cardiovascular
Interventions 2016;9:e003635.
18. Curtis AB, Worley SJ, Adamson PB, et al. Biventricular Pacing for
Atrioventricular Block and Systolic Dysfunction. New England Journal of
Medicine 2013;368:1585-93.
19. Choi YS, Yin RT, Pfenniger A, et al. Fully implantable and
bioresorbable cardiac pacemakers without leads or batteries. Nature
Biotechnology 2021;39:1228-38.
20. Kaplan RM, Yadlapati A, Cantey EP, et al. Conduction recovery
following pacemaker implantation after transcatheter aortic valve
replacement. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 2018.
21. Ream K, Sandhu A, Valle J, et al. Ambulatory Rhythm Monitoring
to Detect Late High-Grade Atrioventricular Block Following Transcatheter
Aortic Valve Replacement. Journal of the American College of Cardiology
2019;73:2538-47.
22. Cohen Y, Zisberg A, Chayat Y, et al. Walking for Better Outcomes and
Recovery: The Effect of WALK-FOR in Preventing Hospital-Associated
Functional Decline Among Older Adults. The Journals of Gerontology:
Series A 2019;74:1664-70.
1. Stewart BF, Siscovick D, Lind BK, et al. Clinical Factors Associated
With Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. Journal of the American College of
Cardiology 1997;29:630-4.
2. Alivizatos PA. Dwight Emary Harken, MD, an all-American surgical
giant: Pioneer cardiac surgeon, teacher, mentor. Baylor University
Medical Center Proceedings 2018;31:554-7.
3. Eveborn GW, Schirmer H, Heggelund G, Lunde P, Rasmussen K. The
evolving epidemiology of valvular aortic stenosis. The Tromsø Study.
Heart 2013;99:396-400.
4. Gannon PG, Sellers RD, Kanjuh VI, Edwards JE, Lillehei CW. Complete
heart block following replacement of the aortic valve. Circulation
1966;33:I152-I61.
5. Rosato S, Biancari F, D’Errigo P, et al. One-Year Outcomes after
Surgical versus Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement with Newer
Generation Devices. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2021;10:3703.
6. Leon MB, Smith CR, Mack MJ, et al. Transcatheter or Surgical
Aortic-Valve Replacement in Intermediate-Risk Patients. New England
Journal of Medicine 2016;374:1609-20.
7. Mack MJ, Leon MB, Thourani VH, et al. Transcatheter Aortic-Valve
Replacement with a Balloon-Expandable Valve in Low-Risk Patients. New
England Journal of Medicine 2019;380:1695-705.
8. Wang T, Ou A, Xia P, Tian J, Wang H, Cheng Z. Predictors for the risk
of permanent pacemaker implantation after transcatheter aortic valve
replacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis Journal of Cardiac
Surgery 2021.
9. Kawashima T, Sato F. Visualizing anatomical evidences on
atrioventricular conduction system for TAVI. International Journal of
Cardiology 2014;174:1-6.
10. Rodés-Cabau J, Ellenbogen KA, Krahn AD, et al. Management of
Conduction Disturbances Associated With Transcatheter Aortic Valve
Replacement: JACC Scientific Expert Panel. J Am Coll Cardiol
2019;74:1086-106.
11. Ferreira T, Da Costa A, Cerisier A, et al. Predictors of high‐degree
conduction disturbances and pacemaker implantation after transcatheter
aortic valve replacement: Prognostic role of the electrophysiological
study. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 2021;44:843-55.
12. Nazif TM, Dizon M, José, Hahn RT, et al. Predictors and Clinical
Outcomes of Permanent Pacemaker Implantation After Transcatheter Aortic
Valve Replacement. JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions 2015;8:60-9.
13. Clementy N, Bisson A, Bodin A, et al. Outcomes associated with
pacemaker implantation following transcatheter aortic valve replacement:
A nationwide cohort study. Heart Rhythm 2021.
14. Cahill TJ, Prendergast BD. Infective endocarditis. The Lancet
2016;387:882-93.
15. Lalani T. In-Hospital and 1-Year Mortality in Patients Undergoing
Early Surgery for Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis. JAMA Internal Medicine
2013;173:1495.
16. Sweeney MO, Hellkamp AS, Ellenbogen KA, et al. Adverse Effect of
Ventricular Pacing on Heart Failure and Atrial Fibrillation Among
Patients With Normal Baseline QRS Duration in a Clinical Trial of
Pacemaker Therapy for Sinus Node Dysfunction. Circulation
2003;107:2932-7.
17. Regueiro A, Abdul-Jawad Altisent O, Del Trigo M, et al. Impact of
New-Onset Left Bundle Branch Block and Periprocedural Permanent
Pacemaker Implantation on Clinical Outcomes in Patients Undergoing
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. Circulation: Cardiovascular
Interventions 2016;9:e003635.
18. Curtis AB, Worley SJ, Adamson PB, et al. Biventricular Pacing for
Atrioventricular Block and Systolic Dysfunction. New England Journal of
Medicine 2013;368:1585-93.
19. Choi YS, Yin RT, Pfenniger A, et al. Fully implantable and
bioresorbable cardiac pacemakers without leads or batteries. Nature
Biotechnology 2021;39:1228-38.
20. Kaplan RM, Yadlapati A, Cantey EP, et al. Conduction recovery
following pacemaker implantation after transcatheter aortic valve
replacement. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 2018.
21. Ream K, Sandhu A, Valle J, et al. Ambulatory Rhythm Monitoring
to Detect Late High-Grade Atrioventricular Block Following Transcatheter
Aortic Valve Replacement. Journal of the American College of Cardiology
2019;73:2538-47.
22. Cohen Y, Zisberg A, Chayat Y, et al. Walking for Better Outcomes and
Recovery: The Effect of WALK-FOR in Preventing Hospital-Associated
Functional Decline Among Older Adults. The Journals of Gerontology:
Series A 2019;74:1664-70.
Figure. ECG and electrophysiology recordings from a 76 year old woman
who underwent TAVR with an Edwards S3 valve. Post-TAVR ECGs showed PR
prolongation of 30 ms and a left bundle branch block (LBBB). At
electrophysiology study, Panel A shows the LBBB was intermittent in
sinus rhythm. In panel B, there is no difference in HV interval between
the first beat with LBBB and the second beat without LBBB (HV was 55
ms). Panel C shows 6 beats of atrial pacing at 100 bpm with normal
conduction (no LBBB). When pacing stops, sinus rhythm resumes at a much
lower rate and the LBBB resumes. This phenomenon of
bradycardia-dependent LBBB is known as phase 4 block. Based on these
findings a pacemaker was not recommended.