Model system
The pedunculate oak is one of the most common dominant deciduous tree species in European forests. It is also a popular ornamental tree in European urban areas (Eaton et al., 2016). Its distribution range spans from central Spain (23°N) to southern Fennoscandia (63°N) (Eaton et al., 2016). uercus robur is associated with a large community of generalist and specialist herbivorous insects belonging to different feeding guilds (chewers, skeletonizers, gall-inducers, leaf-miners, suckers and xylophagous) (Marković and Stojanović, 2011; Moreira et al., 2018; Southwood et al., 2005). These ecological characteristics make the pedunculate oak a suitable model species for measuring the effects of urbanization and forest cover on plant-herbivore interactions.