References
1. Weidinger S, Beck LA, Bieber T, Kabashima K, Irvine AD. Atopic
dermatitis. Nat Rev Dis Primer . 2018;4(1):1.
doi:10.1038/s41572-018-0001-z
2. Langan SM, Irvine AD, Weidinger S. Atopic dermatitis. Lancet
Lond Engl . 2020;396(10247):345-360. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31286-1
3. Odhiambo JA, Williams HC, Clayton TO, Robertson CF, Asher MI. Global
variations in prevalence of eczema symptoms in children from ISAAC Phase
Three. J Allergy Clin Immunol . 2009;124(6):1251-1258.e23.
doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.009
4. Nutten S. Atopic dermatitis: global epidemiology and risk factors.Ann Nutr Metab . 2015;66 Suppl 1:8-16. doi:10.1159/000370220
5. Leung DYM. New insights into atopic dermatitis: role of skin barrier
and immune dysregulation. Allergol Int Off J Jpn Soc Allergol .
2013;62(2):151-161. doi:10.2332/allergolint.13-RAI-0564
6. Drislane C, Irvine AD. The role of filaggrin in atopic dermatitis and
allergic disease. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol Off Publ Am Coll
Allergy Asthma Immunol . 2020;124(1):36-43.
doi:10.1016/j.anai.2019.10.008
7. McAleer MA, Flohr C, Irvine AD. Management of difficult and severe
eczema in childhood. BMJ . 2012;345:e4770. doi:10.1136/bmj.e4770
8. Simpson EL, Chalmers JR, Hanifin JM, et al. Emollient enhancement of
the skin barrier from birth offers effective atopic dermatitis
prevention. J Allergy Clin Immunol . 2014;134(4):818-823.
doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.08.005
9. Horimukai K, Morita K, Narita M, et al. Application of moisturizer to
neonates prevents development of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin
Immunol . 2014;134(4):824-830.e6. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.060
10. Chalmers JR, Haines RH, Bradshaw LE, et al. Daily emollient during
infancy for prevention of eczema: the BEEP randomised controlled trial.Lancet Lond Engl . 2020;395(10228):962-972.
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32984-8
11. Skjerven HO, Rehbinder EM, Vettukattil R, et al. Skin emollient and
early complementary feeding to prevent infant atopic dermatitis
(PreventADALL): a factorial, multicentre, cluster-randomised trial.Lancet Lond Engl . 2020;395(10228):951-961.
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32983-6
12. Dissanayake E, Tani Y, Nagai K, et al. Skin Care and Synbiotics for
Prevention of Atopic Dermatitis or Food Allergy in Newborn Infants: A 2
× 2 Factorial, Randomized, Non-Treatment Controlled Trial. Int
Arch Allergy Immunol . 2019;180(3):202-211. doi:10.1159/000501636
13. Kelleher MM, Cro S, Van Vogt E, et al. Skincare interventions in
infants for preventing eczema and food allergy: A cochrane systematic
review and individual participant data meta-analysis. Clin Exp
Allergy J Br Soc Allergy Clin Immunol . 2021;51(3):402-418.
doi:10.1111/cea.13847
14. Zhong Y, Samuel M, van Bever H, Tham EH. Emollients in infancy to
prevent atopic dermatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Allergy . Published online September 30, 2021.
doi:10.1111/all.15116
15. Lowe AJ, Su JC, Allen KJ, et al. A randomized trial of a barrier
lipid replacement strategy for the prevention of atopic dermatitis and
allergic sensitization: the PEBBLES pilot study. Br J Dermatol .
2018;178(1):e19-e21. doi:10.1111/bjd.15747
16. Kelleher M, Dunn AG, Irvine A, Smith H, Hourihane OJ. O08 -
Increased early life Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) values can predate
atopic dermatitis in asymptomatic infants: results from the BASELINE
study. Clin Transl Allergy . 2014;4(1):O8.
doi:10.1186/2045-7022-4-S1-O8
17. Caspers PJ, Lucassen GW, Carter EA, Bruining HA, Puppels GJ. In vivo
confocal Raman microspectroscopy of the skin: noninvasive determination
of molecular concentration profiles. J Invest Dermatol .
2001;116(3):434-442. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01258.x
18. Ní Chaoimh C, Nico C, Puppels GJ, et al. In vivo Raman spectroscopy
discriminates between FLG loss-of-function carriers vs wild-type in day
1-4 neonates. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol Off Publ Am Coll Allergy
Asthma Immunol . 2020;124(5):500-504. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2020.01.022
19. O’Regan GM, Kemperman PMJH, Sandilands A, et al. Raman profiles of
the stratum corneum define 3 filaggrin genotype-determined atopic
dermatitis endophenotypes. J Allergy Clin Immunol .
2010;126(3):574-580.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.04.038
20. Wong XFCC, Denil SLIJ, Foo JN, et al. Array-based sequencing of
filaggrin gene for comprehensive detection of disease-associated
variants. J Allergy Clin Immunol . 2018;141(2):814-816.
doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.10.001
21. Williams HC, Burney PG, Pembroke AC, Hay RJ. The U.K. Working
Party’s Diagnostic Criteria for Atopic Dermatitis. III. Independent
hospital validation. Br J Dermatol . 1994;131(3):406-416.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb08532.x
22. Kunz B, Oranje AP, Labrèze L, Stalder JF, Ring J, Taïeb A. Clinical
validation and guidelines for the SCORAD index: consensus report of the
European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis. Dermatol Basel Switz .
1997;195(1):10-19. doi:10.1159/000245677
23. O’Donovan SM, Murray DM, Hourihane JO, Kenny LC, Irvine AD, Kiely M.
Cohort profile: The Cork BASELINE Birth Cohort Study: Babies after
SCOPE: Evaluating the Longitudinal Impact on Neurological and
Nutritional Endpoints. Int J Epidemiol . 2015;44(3):764-775.
doi:10.1093/ije/dyu157
24. McClanahan D, Wong A, Kezic S, et al. A randomized controlled trial
of an emollient with ceramide and filaggrin-associated amino acids for
the primary prevention of atopic dermatitis in high-risk infants.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol JEADV . 2019;33(11):2087-2094.
doi:10.1111/jdv.15786
25. Lowe A, Su J, Tang M, et al. PEBBLES study protocol: a randomised
controlled trial to prevent atopic dermatitis, food allergy and
sensitisation in infants with a family history of allergic disease using
a skin barrier improvement strategy. BMJ Open . 2019;9(3):e024594.
doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024594
26. Stamatas GN, Nikolovski J, Mack MC, Kollias N. Infant skin
physiology and development during the first years of life: a review of
recent findings based on in vivo studies. Int J Cosmet Sci .
2011;33(1):17-24. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2494.2010.00611.x
Table 1 Baseline characteristics