References
- Allotey J, Stallings E, Bonet M, Yap M, Chatterjee S, Kew T, et al.
Clinical manifestations, risk factors, and maternal and perinatal
outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: living systematic
review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020 Sep 1;370:m3320. doi:
10.1136/bmj.m3320. PubMed PMID: 32873575; PubMed Central PMCID:
PMC7459193.
- Donati S, Corsi E, Maraschini A, Salvatore MA; ItOSS-COVID-19 Working
Group. SARS-CoV-2 infection among hospitalised pregnant women and
impact of different viral strains on COVID-19 severity in Italy: a
national prospective population-based cohort study. BJOG. 2022
Jan;129(2):221-231. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.16980. Epub 2021 Nov 20.
PubMed PMID: 34687585; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8652503.
- Euro-Peristat Research Network. Population birth data and pandemic
readiness in Europe. BJOG. 2021 Sep 27:10.1111/1471-0528.16946. doi:
10.1111/1471-0528.16946. Epub ahead of print. PubMed PMID: 34569700;
PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8652502.
- Hedermann G, Hedley PL, Bækvad-Hansen M, Hjalgrim H, Rostgaard K,
Poorisrisak P, et al. Danish premature birth rates during the COVID-19
lockdown. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2021 Jan;106(1):93-95.
doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-319990. Epub 2020 Aug 11. PubMed PMID:
32788391; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7421710.
- McDonnell S, McNamee E, Lindow SW, O’Connell MP. The impact of the
Covid-19 pandemic on maternity services: A review of maternal and
neonatal outcomes before, during and after the pandemic. Eur J Obstet
Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020 Dec;255:172-176. doi:
10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.10.023. Epub 2020 Oct 12. PubMed PMID: 33142263;
PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7550066.
- De Curtis M, Villani L, Polo A. Increase of stillbirth and decrease of
late preterm infants during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Arch Dis
Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2021 Jul;106(4):456. doi:
10.1136/archdischild-2020-320682. Epub 2020 Oct 30. PubMed PMID:
33127736; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8237197.
- Khalil A, von Dadelszen P, Draycott T, Ugwumadu A, O’Brien P, Magee L.
Change in the Incidence of Stillbirth and Preterm Delivery During the
COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA. 2020 Jul 10;324(7):705–6. doi:
10.1001/jama.2020.12746. Epub ahead of print. PumMed PMID: 32648892;
PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7435343.
- Chmielewska B, Barratt I, Townsend R, Kalafat E, van der Meulen J,
Gurol-Urganci I, et al. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal
and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet
Glob Health. 2021 Jun;9(6):e759-e772. doi:
10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00079-6. Epub 2021 Mar 31. Erratum in: Lancet
Glob Health. 2021 Jun;9(6):e758. PubMed PMID: 33811827; PubMed Central
PMCID: PMC8012052.
- Yang J, D’Souza R, Kharrat A, Fell DB, Snelgrove JW, Murphy KE, et al.
Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes
in general population: A living systematic review and meta-analysis
(updated Aug 14, 2021). Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2022
Jan;101(1):7-24. doi: 10.1111/aogs.14277. Epub 2021 Nov 3. PubMed
PMID: 34730232; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8653307.
- Directorate-general of digitalization, of health informative system
and of statistics, Italian Ministry of Health.
Certificato di assistenza al
parto (CeDAP). Analisi dell’evento nascita–2020[Birth Registry –
Year 2020]. [Italian]
[https://www.salute.gov.it/portale/documentazione/p6_2_2_1.jsp?lingua=italiano&id=3149].
Accessed 10 March 2022.
- Williams TC, Bach CC, Matthiesen NB, Henriksen TB, Gagliardi L.
Directed acyclic graphs: a tool for causal studies in paediatrics.
Pediatr Res. 2018 Oct;84(4):487-493. doi: 10.1038/s41390-018-0071-3.
Epub 2018 Jun 4. PubMed PMID: 29967527; PubMed Central PMCID:
PMC6215481.
- Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch
VA, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of
Interventions. 2nd ed. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons; 2019.
- DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin
Trials. 1986 Sep;7(3):177-88. doi: 10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2.
PubMed PMID: 3802833.
- Bernal JL, Cummins S, Gasparrini A. Interrupted time series regression
for the evaluation of public health interventions: a tutorial. Int J
Epidemiol. 2017 Feb 1;46(1):348-355. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyw098. Erratum
in: Int J Epidemiol. 2020 Aug 1;49(4):1414. PubMed PMID: 27283160;
PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5407170.
- Gurol-Urganci I, Waite L,
Webster K, Jardine J, Carroll F, Dunn G, et al. Obstetric
interventions and pregnancy outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in
England: A nationwide cohort study. PLoS Med. 2022 Jan
10;19(1):e1003884. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003884. PubMed PMID:
35007282; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8803187.
- Been JV, Burgos Ochoa L, Bertens LCM, Schoenmakers S, Steegers EAP,
Reiss IKM. Impact of COVID-19 mitigation measures on the incidence of
preterm birth: a national quasi-experimental study. Lancet Public
Health. 2020 Nov;5(11):e604-e611. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30223-1.
Epub 2020 Oct 14. PubMed PMID: 33065022; PubMed Central PMCID:
PMC7553867.
- Pasternak B, Neovius M, Söderling J, Ahlberg M, Norman M, Ludvigsson
JF, et al. Preterm Birth and Stillbirth During the COVID-19 Pandemic
in Sweden: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2021
Jun;174(6):873-875. doi: 10.7326/M20-6367. Epub 2021 Jan 12. PubMed
PMID: 33428442; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7808327.
- Leibovitch L, Reichman B, Mimouni F, Zaslavsky-Paltiel I, Lerner-Geva
L, Wasserteil N, et al. Preterm Singleton Birth Rate during the
COVID-19 Lockdown: A Population-Based Study. Am J Perinatol. 2021 Dec
10. doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1740012. Epub ahead of print. PubMed PMID:
34891197.
- Simpson AN, Snelgrove JW, Sutradhar R, Everett K, Liu N, Baxter NN.
Perinatal Outcomes During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ontario, Canada.
JAMA Netw Open. 2021 May 3;4(5):e2110104. doi:
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.10104. PubMed PMID: 33978727; PubMed
Central PMCID: PMC8116980.
- Shah PS, Ye XY, Yang J, Campitelli MA. Preterm birth and stillbirth
rates during the COVID-19 pandemic: a population-based cohort study.
CMAJ. 2021 Aug 3;193(30):E1164-E1172. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.210081. PubMed
PMID: 34344771; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8354648.
- Main EK, Chang SC, Carpenter AM, Wise PH, Stevenson DK, Shaw GM, et
al. Singleton preterm birth rates for racial and ethnic groups during
the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in California. Am J Obstet
Gynecol. 2021 Feb;224(2):239-241. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.10.033.
Epub 2020 Oct 23. PubMed PMID: 33203528; PubMed Central PMCID:
PMC7582039.
- Stampini V, Monzani A, Caristia S, Ferrante G, Gerbino M, De Pedrini
A, et al. The perception of Italian pregnant women and new mothers
about their psychological wellbeing, lifestyle, delivery, and neonatal
management experience during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: a
web-based survey. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021 Jul 1;21(1):473. doi:
10.1186/s12884-021-03904-4. PubMed PMID: 34210276; PubMed Central
PMCID: PMC8246432.
- European Environment Agency. Air quality in Europe — 2020 report.
Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union; 2020 Nov. 164
p. Report No.: 09/2020. doi:10.2800/786656
- Vermeulen N, Ata B, Gianaroli L, Lundin K, Mocanu E,
Rautakallio-Hokkanen S, Tapanainen JS, Veiga A. A picture of medically
assisted reproduction activities during the COVID-19 pandemic in
Europe. Human reproduction open. 2020;2020(3):hoaa035.
- Bian Z, Qu X, Ying H, Liu X. Are COVID-19 mitigation measures reducing
preterm birth rate in China? BMJ Glob Health. 2021 Aug;6(8):e006359.
doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006359. PubMed PMID: 34385161; PubMed Central
PMCID: PMC8361681.
- World Health Organization. Survive and thrive: transforming care for
every small and sick newborn. Geneva; 2019. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
IGO.
Table 1. Prevalence of preterm live births and stillbirths in the
pandemic period and in the historical period and the
overall relative odds of adverse
perinatal outcomes during the pandemic vs the historical period, based
on meta-analysis