NDVI: normalized difference vegetation index; PM10:
particle with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 µm; PM2.5:
particle with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm; O3: ozone;
NO2: nitrogen dioxide; SO2: sulfur
dioxide.
‡Model adjusted for sex, age, socioeconomic status at
baseline, maternal smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure at
baseline, NDVI during pregnancy (spring and summer) and early exposure
(spring and summer) variables were mutually included in the model.
┴ Lower exposure indicated the air pollution
level < 4th quartile, higher exposure
indicated the air pollution level ≥ 4th quartile
(during pregnancy: PM10: 24.1 µg/m3;
PM2.5: 22.1 µg/m3; O3:
54.9 µg/m3; NO2: 10.3
µg/m3; SO2: 13.3
µg/m3; during early-life: PM10: 22.5
µg/m3; PM2.5: 20.7
µg/m3; O3: 52.8
µg/m3; NO2: 9.78
µg/m3; SO2: 11.8
µg/m3).
Bold denotes significant associations.
FIGURE 1 Associations (adjusted hazard ratio, aHR, 95% confidence
intervals, 95% CI) between cumulative exposure to Normalized Difference
Vegetation Index (NDVI) within 300 m during pregnancy and early life and
the risk of developing allergic rhinitis up to 27 years of age, The
Espoo Cohort Study 1983-2011. Model adjusted for sex, age, socioeconomic
status at baseline, maternal smoking, and environmental tobacco smoke
exposure at baseline, NDVI during pregnancy (spring and summer) and
early exposure (spring and summer) variables were mutually included in
the model.