\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[ngerman,greek,english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}






% Edit this header.tex file to include frontmatter definitions and global macros

% Add here any LaTeX packages you would like to load in all document blocks
% \usepackage{xspace}

% Add here any LaTeX macros you would like to load in all document blocks
% \def\example{This is an example macro.}

% -----

\iflatexml
% Add here any LaTeXML-specific commands

% -----

\else
% Add here any export style-specific LaTeX commands. These will only be loaded upon document export. 
% \paperfield{Subject domain of my document}
% \keywords{keyword1, keyword2}
% \corraddress{Author One PhD, Department, Institution, City, State or Province, Postal Code, Country}
% \fundinginfo{Funder One, Funder One Department, Grant/Award Number: 123456.}
\fi


\begin{document}

\title{Interdependencies of cellular and humoral immune responses in
heterologous and homologous SARS-CoV-2 vaccination}



\author[1]{Moritz M. Hollstein}%
\author[1]{Lennart Münsterkötter}%
\author[1]{Michael Schön}%
\author[1]{Armin Bergmann}%
\author[1]{Thea M. Husar}%
\author[1]{Anna Abratis}%
\author[1]{Abass Eidizadeh}%
\author[1]{Meike Schaffrinski}%
\author[1]{Karolin Zachmann}%
\author[2]{Anne Schmitz}%
\author[2]{Jason S. Holsapple}%
\author[1]{Hedwig Stanisz-Bogeski}%
\author[1]{Julie Schanz}%
\author[1]{Uwe Groß}%
\author[1]{Andreas Leha}%
\author[1]{Andreas E. Zautner}%
\author[1]{Moritz Schnelle}%
\author[1]{Luise Erpenbeck}%
\affil[1]{Universitatsmedizin Gottingen}%
\affil[2]{Universitatsklinikum Munster}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 17, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
\textbf{Background}: Homologous and heterologous SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations
yield different spike protein-directed humoral and cellular immune
responses. This study aimed to explore their currently unknown
interdependencies. \textbf{Methods}: COV-ADAPT is a prospective,
observational cohort study of 417 healthcare workers who received
vaccination with homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, homologous BNT162b2 or with
heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/BNT162b2. We assessed humoral
(anti-spike-RBD-IgG, neutralizing antibodies, avidity) and cellular
(spike-induced T cell interferon-\selectlanguage{greek}γ \selectlanguage{english}release) immune responses in blood
samples up to 2 weeks before (T1) and 2 to 12 weeks following secondary
immunization (T2). \textbf{Results}: Initial vaccination with ChAdOx1
nCoV-19 resulted in lower anti-spike-RBD-IgG compared to BNT162b2
(70\selectlanguage{ngerman}±114 vs. 226±279 BAU/ml, p\textless{}0.01) at T1. Booster vaccination
with BNT162b2 proved superior to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 at T2
(anti-spike-RBD-IgG: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/BNT162b2 2387±1627 and homologous
BNT162b2 3202±2184 vs. homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 413±461 BAU/ml, both
p\textless{}0.001; spike-induced T cell interferon-\selectlanguage{greek}γ \selectlanguage{english}release: ChAdOx1
nCoV-19/BNT162b2 5069\selectlanguage{ngerman}±6733 and homologous BNT162b2 4880±7570 vs.
homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 1152±2243 mIU/ml, both p\textless{}0.001). No
significant differences were detected between BNT162b2-boostered groups
at T2. For ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, no booster effect on T cell activation could
be observed. We found associations between anti-spike-RBD-IgG levels
(ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/BNT162b2 and homologous BNT162b2) and T cell responses
(homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/BNT162b2) from T1 to T2.
Additionally, anti-spike-RBD-IgG and T cell response were linked at both
time points (all groups combined). All regimes yielded neutralizing
antibodies and increased antibody avidity at T2. \textbf{Conclusions}:
Interdependencies between humoral and cellular immune responses differ
between common SARS-CoV-2 vaccination regimes. T cell activation is
unlikely to compensate for poor humoral responses.~%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



\sloppy


\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`Hollstein_et_al_Allergy_Ms.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/452608/articles/550624-interdependencies-of-cellular-and-humoral-immune-responses-in-heterologous-and-homologous-sars-cov-2-vaccination}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Hollstein-et-al-Allergy-Figure-1/Hollstein-et-al-Allergy-Figure-1}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Hollstein-et-al-Allergy-Figure-2/Hollstein-et-al-Allergy-Figure-2}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Hollstein-et-al-Allergy-Figure-3/Hollstein-et-al-Allergy-Figure-3}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Hollstein-et-al-Allergy-Figure-4/Hollstein-et-al-Allergy-Figure-4}

\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Hollstein-et-al-Allergy-Figure-5/Hollstein-et-al-Allergy-Figure-5}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

