Abbreviations: interquartile range (IQR), SD (standard deviation)
a General payments for ownership interests and royalties/licenses were excluded from the total amounts of general payments and per-physician general payments.
b All payment values were converted to 2022-US dollar values.
c Payments per physician were calculated among the physicians accepting the payments from the healthcare companies.
d Proportions of general payments excluding those for ownership and royalties hold by top 1% (top 80 endocrinologists), 5% (top 400 endocrinologists), and 10% (top 800 endorinologists) of endocrinologists include all 8002 endocrinologists who were eligible for this study.
Table 2. Summary of annual direct research payments and associated research payments to endocrinologists between 2014 and 2022.