Mumby 2012), along with a reduced capacity of functional redundancy of key taxonomic groups (McWilliam et al. 2018; Siqueira et al. 2019). Comparatively, given the non-existent relationship between shifts in composition and global warming on the Indonesian reefs, we expect these areas to be more resistant to rising ocean temperatures, highlighting the coral reefs of the WNP as potential refugia for coral reefs through the Anthropocene. Yet given the continued expected rise in global temperatures, and the unequivocal devastating effects they will exude on all coral reefs (Hughes et al. 2017), limiting greenhouse gas emissions responsible for the rise in global temperatures remains critical (Frieler et al. 2013; Hughes et al. 2017).