Figure 1 . (a) Bathymetry of the numerical model (GLORYS12V1) domain, with black and red stars indicating, respectively, the location of the mooring observation site (10.5°N, 131.3°W) and SSHlow(5°N, 131.3°W). (b) Bandpass filtered time series (purple lines) of SSHlow, SSHhigh, Uobs, and Vobs, having periods of 25–40 days superimposed on their original time series (light gray lines). Note that SSH data are from Farrar et al. (2021) and the color of time series matches with that of the axis of ordinates. (c) Power spectral density of SSHlow (black line), SSHhigh (gray line), Uobs (blue line), and Vobs (pink line). Vertical bars indicate the 95% confidence interval. Coherences and phases between SSHlow and Uobs(SSHlow and Vobs), and SSHhigh and Uobs(SSHhigh and Vobs) are represented by a dark blue line (dark pink line), and a light blue line (light pink line), respectively. The phases between the SSHhigh and the in-situ near-bottom current data are not shown here because of the low coherences between them. Horizontal dashed lines denote the 95% significance level (0.137). Vertical dashed lines indicate 32-day periods and the yellow shaded areas indicate a TIW frequency band (periods of 25–40 days).
The zonal wavenumber-frequency power spectral density (two-dimensional PSD) averaged over 0°–7°N for Farrar SSH resembles the spectrum shown in Farrar (2011), which is thought to be a common feature associated with the TIW (Figure 2a). The domain used was 0°–7°N, 140°–80°W (yellow box in Figure 1a) and the observation period is from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2013. Two-dimensional PSDs from longitude-time sections of the data at different latitudes are averaged, resulting in a function of negative zonal wavenumber and frequency (Figure 2). The resulting two-dimensional PSD may allow us to identify the spatio-temporal character of the observed features in the area of active TIWs (the regions surrounded by a yellow box in Figure 1a). Two-dimensional PSDs of the numerical simulation results show high values in the frequency band of periods 25–40 days and in the wavenumber band of wavelength 9°–20° with concentrated values near the 32-day periods (the domains surrounded by the boxes with white lines in Figures 2b–d). It is suggested that TIWs can affect the currents in the deep layer because the distributions of energy of velocity components at 3992-m depth from GLORYS12V1 shows similar characters to those of TIWs.