Neurosurgical outcomes
We collected the length of hospital stay, rate of total resection and rate of alteration in pituitary hormone as neurosurgical outcomes. Gross total resection was defined as the absence of visible residual tumor on follow-up MRI 6 months after the operation. We defined the postoperative alteration of hormone status at 6 months after surgery as: (1) improved: any of the abnormal axes became normal or closer to the normal value; (2) stationary: the abnormal axes remained unchanged; or (3) worsened: the abnormal axes became more deviated from the normal value.