Figure 3 Branch initiation (a) and mortality (b) frequencies for the periods 1929-2013 and 1987-2013 respectively. The black lines represent the cubic smoothing splines (2/3 of the series length – 50 percent frequency cut-off) with which the series were detrended. Standardized branch initiation frequency and previous summer (June-August) temperature (r=-0.23, p<0.05) (c). Standardized branch mortality frequency and following early winter (November-December) temperature (r=0.59, p<0.002) (d).