Name Description Type Summary Data
Detection Covariates
Distance to stream
Distance from camera to the nearest permanent stream recorded in meters (extracted using GIS)
Numeric variable ranging from 0-1,140m (winter) and 0-1,300m (autumn)
Mean: winter = 237m autumn = 284m
Distance to settlement
Distance from camera to the nearest village recorded in meters (extracted using GIS)
Numeric variable ranging from 224-17,058m (winter) and 0-17,786m (autumn)
Mean: winter = 5,413m autumn = 5,155m
Distance to road
Distance from camera to the nearest paved road recorded in meters (extracted using GIS)
Numeric variable ranging from 0-1,302 (winter) and 0- 3,059m (autumn)
Mean: winter = 974m autumn = 1,077m
Impact
Anthropogenic impact in the immediate vicinity of the camera (recorded by personnel in the field)
Binary variable where 0 = no visible disturbance and 1 = isolated buildings, logging, or villages winter: 0=55, 1=9 autumn: 0=63, 1=13
Position
Camera position on the landscape (recorded by personnel in the field)
Categorical variable with four levels: ridge, mid-slope, bottom,valley
winter: ridge (23), midslope (24), bottom (5), valley (12) autumn: ridge (29), midslope (29), bottom (10), valley (8)
Aspect
Exposure of camera trap location (recorded by personnel in the field)
Categorical variable with four levels: north, south, east, west
winter: north (15), south (25), east (16), west (8) autumn: north (21), south (19), east (20), west (16)
Occupancy Covariates
Local road density
Density of roads (km/km2) at the grid cell level
Numeric variable ranging from 0.21-0.34 km/km2 (winter) and 0.22-0.34 (autumn)
Mean: winter = 0.27 autumn = 0.27
Terrain Ruggedness Index (TRI)
TRI calculated in R via package ‘spatialEco’ using a digital elevation model with resolution 80x80 m and two moving window sizes: 5 cells (covering an area of 0.16 km2)
Numeric variable ranging from 84-494 (winter) and (autumn); with recommended classification ranges 81-116 - nearly level surface. 117-161 - slightly rugged surface. 162-239 - intermediately rugged surface. 240-497 - moderately rugged surface. Mean: winter = 223.5 autumn = 217.8
Proportion forest
Proportion of forest at the grid cell level (extracted from Corine Land Cover 2016 dataset [100x100 m resolution] using GIS)
Numeric variable ranging from 0.1-1.0 for both winter and autumn
Mean: winter = 0.78 autumn = 0.75
Altitude
Altitude of the camera location recorded in meters using GPS by field personnel
Numeric variable ranging from 663-1,600m (winter) and 788-1,617m (autumn)
Mean: winter = 1,153m autumn = 1,182m