Camera trapping and environmental variables
We divided the study area into a grid of 2.7 km x 2.7 km cells (Figure 1) and removed cells with more than ⅔ of their area exceeding 1800 m altitude and cells more than ½ of their area covered by urban landscape features. From the remaining cells, we sampled every other cell, when it was not possible to reach a selected cell, we used an adjacent cell. Each sampled cell contained a trap station, randomly located within the cell. We conducted two seasons of monitoring: (1) December 17th, 2018, to March 31st, 2019 (winter) and (2) October 9th, 2019, to January 15th, 2020 (autumn). We installed 64 camera trap stations during winter, and 76 during autumn, with high spatial overlap between seasons (Figure 1). Each trap station had two opposite cameras installed at a height of 40 to 60 cm positioned towards animal paths. We used two camera models per trap station, a CuddeBack C1 Model 1279 with white flash for high quality color pictures in night conditions, and a Bushnell Trophy infrared camera. Camera traps were installed on animal trails along mountain ridges, mid-slopes, upper valleys, and bottom of slopes to detect carnivores at various altitudes/habitats. Camera traps were installed 1-2 weeks prior to the start of monitoring to account for additional anthropogenic disturbance from the camera installation process. At each camera trap location, we recorded the presence or absences of anthropogenic disturbance (i.e., logging or settlements) as a binary variable for species detection and occurrence. We also recordedaltitude (m) via GPS and extracted distance to stream (m),distance to settlement (m), and distance to roads (m) from the camera trap location using Geographic Information Systems (ArcGIS 10.7, ESRI, Redlands CA). Within a 500-meter buffer around each camera trap location, we calculated the density of local roads(km/km2), the proportion of forested area and aterrain ruggedness index (TRI)(Riley et al., n.d.) . Full covariate descriptions and summaries are available in Table 1.