Detection Covariates
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Distance to stream
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Distance from camera to the nearest permanent stream recorded in meters
(extracted using GIS)
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Numeric variable ranging from 0-1,140m (winter) and 0-1,300m
(autumn)
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Mean:
winter = 237m autumn = 284m
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Distance to settlement
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Distance from camera to the nearest village recorded in meters
(extracted using GIS)
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Numeric variable ranging from 224-17,058m (winter) and 0-17,786m
(autumn)
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Mean:
winter = 5,413m autumn = 5,155m
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Distance to road
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Distance from camera to the nearest paved road recorded in meters
(extracted using GIS)
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Numeric variable ranging from 0-1,302 (winter) and 0- 3,059m
(autumn)
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Mean:
winter = 974m autumn = 1,077m
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Impact
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Anthropogenic impact in the immediate vicinity of the camera (recorded
by personnel in the field)
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Binary variable where 0 = no visible disturbance and
1 = isolated buildings, logging, or villages
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winter: 0=55, 1=9
autumn: 0=63, 1=13
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Position
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Camera position on the landscape (recorded by personnel in the
field)
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Categorical variable with four levels: ridge, mid-slope,
bottom,valley
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winter: ridge (23), midslope (24), bottom (5), valley (12)
autumn: ridge (29), midslope (29), bottom (10), valley (8)
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Aspect
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Exposure of camera trap location (recorded by personnel in the
field)
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Categorical variable with four levels: north, south, east, west
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winter: north (15), south (25), east (16), west (8)
autumn: north (21), south (19), east (20), west (16)
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Occupancy Covariates
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Local road density
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Density of roads (km/km2) at the grid cell level
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Numeric variable ranging from 0.21-0.34 km/km2
(winter) and 0.22-0.34 (autumn)
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Mean:
winter = 0.27
autumn = 0.27
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Terrain Ruggedness Index (TRI)
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TRI calculated in R via package ‘spatialEco’ using a digital
elevation model with resolution 80x80 m and two moving window sizes: 5
cells (covering an area of 0.16 km2)
|
Numeric variable ranging from 84-494 (winter) and (autumn); with
recommended classification ranges
81-116 - nearly level surface.
117-161 - slightly rugged surface.
162-239 - intermediately rugged surface.
240-497 - moderately rugged surface.
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Mean:
winter = 223.5
autumn = 217.8
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Proportion forest
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Proportion of forest at the grid cell level (extracted from Corine Land
Cover 2016 dataset [100x100 m resolution] using GIS)
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Numeric variable ranging from 0.1-1.0 for both winter and autumn
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Mean:
winter = 0.78
autumn = 0.75
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Altitude
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Altitude of the camera location recorded in meters using GPS by field
personnel
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Numeric variable ranging from 663-1,600m (winter) and 788-1,617m
(autumn)
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Mean:
winter = 1,153m
autumn = 1,182m
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