Figure 5 Piecewise SEM displayed the coupling influence of multiple environmental and forest structure factors on AGB stability and productivity of natural forest and planted forest (natural forest stability (Fig. 5a): Fisher’s C statistic: C=8.23, P=0.22, df=1209; planted forest stability (Fig. 5b): Fisher’s C statistic: C=0.18, P=0.92, df=139; natural forest productivity: Fisher’s C statistic (Fig. 5c): C=8.23, P=0.22, df=1209; planted forest productivity (Fig. 5d): Fisher’s C statistic: C=0.18, P=0.92, df=139). Dark lines show positive effects, and red lines show negative effects. Solid lines indicated noticeable effects, and gray lines indicate insignificant effects (Table S2).