Variable
Male (n=222) Female (n=222)
p-value
Age (years) 63.5 ± 11.9 64.6 ± 12.6 0.351
Race Caucasian African American Other 189 (85.1) 24 (10.8) 9 (4.1) 184 (82.9) 32 (14.4) 6 (2.7)
0.405
Body mass index (kg/m2) 29.8 ± 6.34 30.1 ± 7.12 0.560
Hypertension 182 (81.98) 176 (79.28) 0.471
Diabetes mellitus 26 (11.71) 24 (10.81) 0.764
Chronic lung disease 36 (16.22) 41 (18.47) 0.531
Chronic kidney disease 7 (3.15) 2 (0.90) 0.175
Peripheral vascular disease 81 (36.49) 80 (36.04) 0.921
Atrial fibrillation 23 (10.36) 25 (11.26) 0.760
Coronary artery disease 43 (19.37) 24 (10.81) 0.012
Redo sternotomy 38 (17.12) 20 (9.01) 0.011
Root replacement 80 (36.04) 76 (34.23) 0.691
Bicuspid aortic valve 11 (4.95) 6 (2.70) 0.216
Preoperative hematocrit 39.4 ± 6.20 36.9 ± 5.81 0.000
Aortic insufficiency ≥ moderate 98 (44.14) 91 (40.99) 0.502
Ejection fraction 55.0 ± 9.17 56.0 ± 9.71 0.260
Tamponade, rupture, or shock 64 (28.83) 73 (32.88) 0.355
Any malperfusion syndrome 76 (34.23) 65 (29.28) 0.262
Type of malperfusion syndrome Cerebral Coronary Visceral Renal Iliofemoral 27 (12.2) 16 (7.2) 13 (5.9) 12 (5.4) 39 (17.6) 28 (12.6) 14 (6.3) 12 (5.4) 10 (4.5) 24 (10.8) 0.886 0.705 0.837 0.662 0.041