CONCLUSION
This study sequenced 28 typhlocybine mitogenomes, representing all currently recognized tribes. We report the first known mitochondrial gene rearrangement within Typhlocybinae (Alebrini). Despite some variability among phylogenetic estimates based on different datasets, the results consistently support the monophyly of Typhlocybinae and four tribes for which multiple representatives were included. In contrast to another recent analysis (Lu et al., 2021), Zyginellini was consistently polyphyletic in our results. Our results support the sister-group relationship of Typhlocybinae to Mileewinae but this relationship received only moderate branch support. Ancestral character state reconstructions (ACSR) suggest that some morphological characters traditionally considered important for diagnosing tribes are homoplastic. A key to tribes of Typhlocybinae is provided and new taxonomic changes are proposed based on the phylogenetic results, morphology and genetic distances. Although mitogenome sequence data appear to be broadly informative of relationships at various levels in the taxonomic hierarchy of Typhlocybinae, further study incorporating a larger taxon sample and additional morphological and molecular evidence (e.g., nuclear genes, anchored hybrid loci) should help further clarify the phylogeny of this highly diverse group.