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\begin{document}

\title{Legume germination is delayed in dry soils and in sterile soils devoid
of microbial mutualists: implications for upward range expansions}



\author[1]{Andrea Keeler}%
\author[1]{Nicole Rafferty}%
\affil[1]{University of California Riverside}%


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  \date{May 24, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Climate change is affecting species and their mutualists and can lead to
interaction weakening and loss. Through independent shifts in partner
phenology and distribution, climatic stress can separate mutualists,
leading to alterations in partner functional traits and fitness. Here,
we explored the effects of drying soils and the loss of microbial
mutualists via soil sterilization on legume germination success and
phenology, focusing on how a loss of mutualisms with soil microbial
species can alter legume early life traits. In particular, we assessed
the effects of mutualism loss via soil sterilization, increased drought,
or introduction to novel soils found beyond the current distributions of
two focal legume species in subalpine environments. Through common
garden experiments in controlled environments, we found evidence that
soil sterilization (and consequent microbial absence) and dry soils
caused phenological delays of 2-5 weeks in germination date, likely as a
result of interaction loss between legumes and germination-promoting
soil microbes, such as mutualistic rhizobia. Delays in germination
caused by a mismatch between legumes and beneficial microbes could
negatively affect legume fitness through increased plant-plant
competition later in the season. Additionally, we found evidence of the
presence of beneficial microbes beyond the current elevational range of
our focal legumes which may allow for expansion of the leading edge,
though harsh abiotic factors in the alpine may hinder this. Alterations
in the strength of soil microbe-legume mutualisms may lead to reduced
fitness and altered demography for both soil microbes and legumes.%
\end{abstract}%



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