FIGURE LEGENDS
Figure 1. Simplified biosynthetic pathway of the Heliothis subflexa sex pheromone, modified from (Groot et al., 2009b) with permission. Desaturation and β-oxidation produce mono-unsaturated acyl-CoA precursors from 18 or 16 carbon acyl CoA derivatives, which are then modified to form acetate esters, alcohols, and aldehydes through specific enzymatic conversions. The ∆9 and ∆11 desaturases create a double bond between the 9th and 10thor 11th and 12th carbon of the 18- or 16-carbon acyl-CoA derivatives, respectively. β-oxidation shortens the chain length from 18 to 16 carbons. Note that (Z)9-16 acyl-CoA can be formed through two alternative routes. The compounds present in the pheromone glands of H. subflexa are in grey boxes.
Fig 2. Selection response in the acetates. Values shown are mean ± SEM. The control line is indicated in black, the high line in red (dotted) and the low line in blue (dashed). The dashed vertical line indicates the generation with adult females that developed from the last offspring that went through selection. A – C: Selection responses of the three acetates log-contrasted to 14:Ald. For the control line, 111 females were phenotyped in generation zero, 71 in generation one, and between 6 and 36 for the remaining generations. For the low and high line, respectively 189 – 296 and 189 - 295 females per generation were phenotyped. D: Difference in phenotypic means between selection lines and control in units of starting population standard deviation. The points and error bars with brighter hues show the average ± standard deviation for generation 1 – 3, 4 – 6, 7 – 10, and 11 – 13, respectively. E: Selection response of the relative total amount of acetates.
Fig 3. Indirect selection response. Values shown are mean ± SEM for log-contrasts to 14:Ald of the three pheromone components that make up the minimal blend for male attraction and for the absolute amount of pheromone across all 11 biologically active components. The control line is indicated in black, the high line in red and the low line in blue. Dashed vertical lines indicate the generation with adult females that developed from the last offspring that went through truncation selection. Sample sizes as in Fig 2.
Fig 4. Genetic variation and correlations. The posterior mode and 95% HPD interval of the genetic correlation between the log-contrast of Z11-16:OAc on 14:Ald and each of the other three log-contrasts is shown for the starting generation (S, in black), the low (blue) and high (red) lines. 111 females were phenotyped for the starting generation. For the low line, 443, 284, and 330 phenotyped females were in generation blocks 1-3, 4-6, and 7-9, respectively. For the high line 465, 324, and 344 phenotyped females were in generation block 1-3, 4-6, and 7-9, respectively. Pedigree data were obtained for 1,065 mating pairs prior to the first generation of selection and for an additional 2,250 and 2,236 pairs for the low and high line, respectively.
Fig 5. Eigen-analysis of genetic principle components. For the starting generation and generation 1-3, 4-6, and 7-9 of the low (top) and high (bottom) lines, the posterior mode of the correlation between each of the pheromone ratios and the first and second principle components is shown by the direction and size of the arrows. The genetic variance explained by PC1 and PC2 is indicated on the axes.