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\begin{document}

\title{Proximate drivers of migration propensity: a meta-analysis across
species}



\author[1]{Maegwin Bonar}%
\author[2]{Joe Northrup}%
\author[1]{Aaron Shafer}%
\affil[1]{Trent University}%
\affil[2]{Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry}%


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  \date{May 20, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Animal migration is multifaceted in nature, but the relative strength of
different cues that trigger resulting patterns of migration is not well
understood. Partially migratory populations offer an opportunity to test
hypotheses about migration more broadly by comparing trait differences
of migrants and residents. We quantitatively reviewed 45 studies that
statistically modeled migration propensity, extracting132 effect sizes
for internal and external proximate drivers across taxa. Our
meta-analysis revealed that internal and external drivers had medium
(Cohen's d \textgreater{} 0.3) and large (Cohen's d \textgreater{} 0.5)
effect sizes on migration propensity respectively. Predator abundance
and predation risk had a large effect, as did individual behaviour
(e.g., personality). The abiotic environment and individual physiology
had a medium effect on migration propensity. Of the studies that
examined genetic divergence between migrants and residents, 64\% found
some genetic divergence between groups. These results clarify broad
proximate drivers of migration and offer generalities across taxa.%
\end{abstract}%



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