Kun Han et al., 2021 [32]
|
27 studies: 19 cohort, 7 cross-sectional, and 1 case-control.
16 conducted in Europe, 2 in North America, 9 in Asian countries
|
PM2.5 (15); NO2 (22); Benzene (4) and TVOCs (2)
|
ISSAC or ATS questionnaires to understand respiratory symptoms and
asthma
|
TRAP increased the risk of asthma among children:
PM2.5 (meta-OR = 1.07, 95% CI:1.00; 1.13),
NO2 (meta-OR = 1.11, 95% CI:1.06; 1.17),
Benzene (meta-OR: 1.21,95% CI:1.13; 1.29),
TVOCs (meta-OR:1.06, 95% CI: 1.03; 1.10)
|
Bettiol et al., 2021 [35]
|
26 studies: based on 21 pregnancy or birth cohorts, and 2 case-control.
10 conducted in Europe, 8 in North America, 2 in Asian countries and 1
in Mexico
|
PM10, PM2.5, PM coarse, and NO during pregnancy and the first 2 years of
the
child’s life
|
Follow-up periods varied according to the outcome, ranging from 6 to 48
months for wheezing and from 2 to 10 years for asthma, though in the
majority of studies on asthma incidence children were followed up at
least up to school age.
|
The second trimester of pregnancy seemed to be particularly critical for
asthma risk. As for exposure during early life (15 cohorts), most
studies found a positive association between PM (7/10 studies) and NOx
(11/13 studies) and the risk of asthma development, while the risk of
wheezing development was controversial.
|
Khreis et al., 2017 [36] |
41 studies: 31 cohort, 6
case-control, and 4 cross-sectional |
BC, CO, NOx, NO, NO2, PM2.5, PM10,
PM coarse, UFPs |
risk of asthma reported as incidence or lifetime
prevalence from birth until 18 years old |
Positive and statistically
significant associations between asthma onset and the exposure to BC,
NO2, PM2.5 and PM10, with the least heterogeneity detected in the BC and
PM analyses and the most detected in the NO2 and NOx
analyses. |
Lau et al., 2018 [37]
|
7 studies: all cohort studies
Canada, France, USA, Sweden, Netherlands, and Norway
|
CO, NO2, NOx, PM2.5, and PM10
|
childhood asthma and wheezing phenotypes
|
TRAP is associated with the development of childhood transient and
persistent asthma/wheezing phenotypes but may not be associated with
late-onset asthma/wheezing.
Associations were inconsistent and interpretation of the results should
be drawn cautiously
|
G. Bowatte et al., 2015 [34]
|
19 studies: 11 birth cohorts
7 in Europe and 4 in North America
|
BC, NO2, NOx, PM2.5, and PM10
|
asthma, wheeze, eczema, hay fever and sensitization to allergens
|
TRAP increased the risk of asthma in childhood:
PM2.5: OR 1.14, 95%CI 1.00; 1.30 per 2mcg/m3
BC: OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05; 1.38 per 1*10-5
m-1
Early childhood exposure to TRAP is associated with the development of
asthma up to 12 years of age.
Increasing exposure to PM2.5 is associated with allergic
sensitization
|
Favarato et al., 2014 [38] |
18 studies |
NO2 at home (12)
and/or school (8) |
asthma symptoms/ diagnosis by questionnaire |
NO2:
OR: 1.06 (95 % CI: 1.00; 1.11) |
H. R. Anderson et al., 2013 [39]
|
16 birth cohorts
Based in Europe (11) or North America (5).
|
BC, NO2, NOx, O3, PM2.5, and PM10
O3, SO2
|
incidence of asthma (11), the incidence of wheeze (5), lifetime
prevalence of asthma (4) and lifetime prevalence of wheeze (3)
|
NO2: OR 1.07 (95% CI: 1.02; 1.13) per 10 μg/m3.
PM2.5: OR 1.16 (95% CI: 0.98; 1.37) per 10 μg/m3.
estimates were reduced in size and statistical significance by
adjustment for publication bias but remained positive
|
Gasana et al., 2012 [40]
|
19 included: 10 cross-sectional. and 9 cohort studies,
9 conducted in Europe, 5 in North America, 4 in Asia, 1 in Latin
America
|
CO, NO, NO2, SO3, O3, PM2.5, and PM10
|
ISSAC questionnaires to understand respiratory symptoms and asthma
and/or physician diagnosis of asthma and wheeze
|
TRAP increased the risk of asthma in childhood:
NO2 (meta-OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.00; 1.11),
NO (meta-OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00; 1.04),
CO (meta-OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01; 1.12)
and of a higher prevalence of wheeze in children:
SO2 (meta-OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01; 1.07)
PM (meta-OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.04; 1.07)
|