Results
Over two months we quantified 1,427 ants from 15 different species found on 988 branches, 1,109 predators from nine morphospecies (spider species were grouped as a single morphospecies), 629 free-feeding herbivore insects from 41 morphospecies, and 22,564 terminal buds occupied by aphids. We quantified 1,346 hatched galls, and 1,260 live galls of the galler Baccharopelma dracunculifoliae (Sternorrhyncha: Psyllidae), of which 522 live galls were collected and dissected. We also collected and dissected 92 live galls of the gallerRachiptera limbata Bigot (Diptera: Tephritidae). The effects identified are portrayed in an effect network showing pairwise trophic and non-trophic interactions, density effects, as well as HOIs (Table 1, Fig. 2). From a total of 29 links in our network (Table 1, Fig. 2) there were ten node modulation links - five trophic and two non-trophic direct interactions, and three density effects; 12 three-way links (interaction modification), and five four-way links (modification of an interaction modification). For the sake of simplicity, the results of the statistical tests for each link in the network are shown in Table 2.