2.2 Near-interface motility behavior of bacteria
The initial aggregation of individual free bacteria and then biofilm formation is a complex and variable process influenced by several factors, such as the microbial species, the surface to which they are attached, and the surrounding environment [12]. Straub et al. [10] found that the interactions associated with bacterial adhesion can be classified into three types: (1) Specific interactions, (2) Non-specific physicochemical interactions, and (3) Surface mechanical sensing. This is shown in Figure 3 [10].