References
Adler, P., Raff, D. and Lauenroth, W. (2001) ‘The effect of grazing on the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation’, Oecologia, 128(4), pp. 465–479. doi: 10.1007/s004420100737.
Andersen, A. N. (2008) ‘Not enough niches: non-equilibrial processes promoting species coexistence in diverse ant communities’, Austral Ecology, 33(2), pp. 211–220. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2007.01810.x.
Arnan, X., Cerdá, X. and Retana, J. (2017) ‘Relationships among taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic ant diversity across the biogeographic regions of Europe’, Ecography, 40(3), pp. 448–457. doi: 10.1111/ecog.01938.
Arnan, X., Cerdá, X. and Retana, J. (2014) ‘Ant functional responses along environmental gradients’, Journal of Animal Ecology. 83(6), pp. 1398–1408.
Ashcroft, M. B., Chisholm, L. A. and French, K. O. (2008) ‘The effect of exposure on landscape scale soil surface temperatures and species distribution models’, Landscape Ecology, 23(2), pp. 211–225. doi: 10.1007/s10980-007-9181-8.
Bar-Massada, A., Kent, R. and Carmel, Y. (2014) ‘Environmental heterogeneity affects the location of modelled communities along the niche-neutrality continuum’, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281(1783), pp. 1–8. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.3249.
Bennie, J. et al. (2008) ‘Slope, aspect and climate: Spatially explicit and implicit models of topographic microclimate in chalk grassland’, Ecological Modelling, 216(1), pp. 47–59. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.04.010.
Benton, T. G., Vickery, J. A. and Wilson, J. D. (2003) ‘Farmland biodiversity: is habitat heterogeneity the key?’, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 18(4), pp. 182–188. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00011-9.
Bernadou, A. et al. (2015) ‘Ant community organization along elevational gradients in a temperate ecosystem’, Insectes Sociaux, 62(1), pp. 59–71. doi: 10.1007/s00040-014-0374-2.
Blackburn, T. M., Gaston, K. J. and Loder, N. (1999) ‘Geographic gradients in body size: A clarification of Bergmann’s rule’, Diversity and Distributions, 5(4), pp. 165–174. doi: 10.1046/j.1472-4642.1999.00046.x.
Blatrix, R. et al. (2016) ‘Vegetation cover and elevation drive diversity and composition of ant communities (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in a Mediterranean ecosystem’, Myrmecological News, 22, pp. 119–127.
Boet, O., Arnan, X. and Retana, J. (2020) ‘The role of environmental vs. Biotic filtering in the structure of European ant communities: A matter of trait type and spatial scale’, PLoS ONE, 15(2), p. e0228625. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228625.
Brown, A. M. et al. (2014) ‘The fourth-corner solution - using predictive models to understand how species traits interact with the environment’, Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 5(4), pp. 344–352. doi: 10.1111/2041-210X.12163.
Brown, C. et al. (2013) ‘Multispecies coexistence of trees in tropical forests: Spatial signals of topographic niche differentiation increase with environmental heterogeneity’, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 280(1764), pp. 1–8. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0502.
Burnham, K. P. and Anderson, D. R. (2002) Model selection and multimodel inference : a practical information-theoretic approach, Model Selection and Multimodel Inference. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Cadotte, M. W. and Tucker, C. M. (2017) ‘Should Environmental Filtering be Abandoned?’, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 32(6), pp. 429–437. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.03.004.
Cavender-Bares, J. et al. (2009) ‘The merging of community ecology and phylogenetic biology’, Ecology Letters, 12(7), pp. 693–715. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01314.x.
Cole, L. J. et al. (2010) ‘The influence of fine-scale habitat heterogeneity on invertebrate assemblage structure in upland semi-natural grassland’, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 136(1–2), pp. 69–80. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2009.11.010.
Costanza, J. K., Moody, A. and Peet, R. K. (2011) ‘Multi-scale environmental heterogeneity as a predictor of plant species richness’, Landscape Ecology, 26(6), pp. 851–864. doi: 10.1007/s10980-011-9613-3.
Cribari-Neto, F. and Zeileis, A. (2010) ‘Beta Regression in R’, Journal of Statistical Software, 34(2), pp. 1–24.
Cushman, J. H., Lawton, J. H. and Manly, B. F. J. (1993) ‘Latitudinal patterns in European ant assemblages: variation in species richness and body size’, Oecologia, 95(1), pp. 30–37. doi: 10.1007/BF00649503.
Dahms, H. et al. (2010) ‘Contrasting diversity patterns of epigeic arthropods between grasslands of high and low agronomic potential’, Basic and Applied Ecology, 11(1), pp. 6–14. doi: 10.1016/j.baae.2009.06.004.
Dahms, H. et al. (2005) ‘Effects of management practices on ant species richness and community composition in grasslands (Hymenoptera : Formicidae)’, Myrmecologische Nachrichten, 7, pp. 9–16. Available at: http://myrmecologicalnews.org/cms/images/pdf/volume7/mn7_9-16_non-printable.pdf.
Dauber, J. and Wolters, V. (2004) ‘Edge effects on ant community structure and species richness in an agricultural landscape’, Biodiversity and Conservation, 13, pp. 901–915. doi: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOC.0000014460.65462.2b.
Dauber, J. et al. (2003) ‘Landscape structure as an indicator of biodiversity: matrix effects on species richness’, Biotic Indicators for Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture, 98, pp. 321–329. doi: 10.1016/S0167-8809(03)00092-6.
Dauber, J. et al. (2005) ‘Local vs. landscape controls on diversity: A test using surface-dwelling soil macroinvertebrates of differing mobility’, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 14, pp. 213–221. doi: 10.1111/j.1466-822X.2005.00150.x.
Dauber, J. and Wolters, V. (2005) ‘Colonization of temperate grassland by ants’, Basic and Applied Ecology, 6, pp. 83–91. doi: 10.1016/j.baae.2004.09.011.
De Bello, F. et al. (2013) ‘Evidence for scale- and disturbance-dependent trait assembly patterns in dry semi-natural grasslands’, Journal of Ecology, 101(5), pp. 1237–1244. doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12139.
Dekoninck, W. et al. (2007) ‘Ant biodiversity conservation in Belgian calcareous grasslands: Active management is vital’, Belgian Journal of Zoology, 137, pp. 137–146. doi: http://www.naturalsciences.be.
Deutscher Wetterdienst, D. (2017) ‘Deutsche Klimaatlas. Thuringia’, in Klima und Welt. Available at: https://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/klimaatlas/klimaatlas_node.html.
Dormann, C. F. et al. (2013) ‘Collinearity: A review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance’, Ecography, 36(1), pp. 27–46. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07348.x.
Ferrari, S. L. P. and Cribari-Neto, F. (2004) ‘Beta regression for modelling rates and proportions’, Journal of Applied Statistics, 31(7), pp. 799–815. doi: 10.1080/0266476042000214501.
Frouz, J. and Jilková, V. (2008) ‘The effect of ants on soil properties and processes (Hymenoptera : Formicidae)’, Myrmecological News, 11, pp. 191–199.
Gazol, A. et al. (2013) ‘A negative heterogeneity-diversity relationship found in experimental grassland communities’, Oecologia, 173(2), pp. 545–555. doi: 10.1007/s00442-013-2623-x.
Gibb, H. and Parr, C. L. (2010) ‘How does habitat complexity affect ant foraging success? A test using functional measures on three continents’, Oecologia, 164(4), pp. 1061–1073. doi: 10.1007/s00442-010-1703-4.
Gibb, H. et al. (2015) ‘Does morphology predict trophic position and habitat use of ant species and assemblages?’, Oecologia, 177(2), pp. 519–531. doi: 10.1007/s00442-014-3101-9.
Gotelli, N. J. and Chao, A. (2013) ‘Measuring and Estimating Species Richness, Species Diversity, and Biotic Similarity from Sampling Data’, in Encyclopedia of Biodiversity: Second Edition. Elsevier Inc., pp. 195–211. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-384719-5.00424-X.
Götzenberger, L. et al. (2012) ‘Ecological assembly rules in plant communities-approaches, patterns and prospects’, Biological Reviews, (87), pp. 111–127. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2011.00187.x.Gravel, D. et al. (2006) ‘Reconciling niche and neutrality: The continuum hypothesis’, Ecology Letters, 9(4), pp. 399–409. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00884.x.
Hammer, Ø., Harper, D. A. T. and Ryan, P. D. (2001) ‘PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis’, Palaeontologia Electronica, 4(1), p. 9.
Heuss, L. et al. (2019) ‘Direct and indirect effects of land-use intensification on ant communities in temperate grasslands’, Ecology and Evolution, 9(7), pp. 4013–4024. doi: 10.1002/ece3.5030.
Hoffmann, B. D. (2010) ‘Using ants for rangeland monitoring: Global patterns in the responses of ant communities to grazing’, Ecological Indicators, 10(2), pp. 105–111. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2009.04.016.
Hubbell, S. P. (2001) The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography. 1st edn. Princeton: Princeton University Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400837526.
Jerrentrup, J. S. et al. (2014) ‘Grazing intensity affects insect diversity via sward structure and heterogeneity in a long-term experiment’, Journal of Applied Ecology, 51(4), pp. 968–977. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.12244.
Jost, L. (2010) ‘The relation between evenness and diversity’, Diversity, 2(2), pp. 207–232. doi: 10.3390/d2020207.
Jost, L. (2006) ‘Entropy and diversity’, Oikos, 113(2), pp. 363–375. doi: 10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.14714.x.
Kaspari, M. and Vargo, E. L. (1995) ‘Colony size as a buffer against seasonality: Bergmann’s rule in social insects’, American Naturalist, 145(4), pp. 610–632. doi: 10.1086/285758.
Kassambara, A. and Mundt, F. (2019) ‘factoextra: Extract and Visualize the Results of Multivariate Data Analyses’. Available at: https://cran.r-project.org/package=factoextra.
Kaoungku, N. et al. (2018) ‘The Silhouette Width Criterion for Clustering and Association Mining to Select Image Features’, International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing, 8, pp. 69–73.
Kraft, N. J. B. et al. (2015) ‘Community assembly, coexistence and the environmental filtering metaphor’, Functional Ecology. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 29(5), pp. 592–599. doi: 10.1111/1365-2435.12345.
Krämer, B., Poniatowski, D. and Fartmann, T. (2012) ‘Effects of landscape and habitat quality on butterfly communities in pre-alpine calcareous grasslands’, Biological Conservation, 152, pp. 253–261. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2012.03.038.
Laanisto, L. et al. (2013) ‘Microfragmentation concept explains non-positive environmental heterogeneity-diversity relationships’, Oecologia, 171(1), pp. 217–226. doi: 10.1007/s00442-012-2398-5.
Lassau, S. A. et al. (2005) ‘Using high-resolution multi-spectral imagery to estimate habitat complexity in open-canopy forests: Can we predict ant community patterns?’, Ecography, 28, pp. 495–504. doi: 10.1111/j.0906-7590.2005.04116.x.
Lavorel, S. and Garnier, E. (2002) ‘Predicting changes in community composition and ecosystem functioning from plant traits: Revisiting the Holy Grail’, Functional Ecology, 16(5), pp. 545–556. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.2002.00664.x.
Lepš, J. (2014) ‘Scale- and time-dependent effects of fertilization, mowing and dominant removal on a grassland community during a 15-year experiment’, Journal of Applied Ecology. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 51(4), pp. 978–987. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.12255.Liivamägi, A. et al. (2014) ‘Influence of habitat and landscape on butterfly diversity of semi-natural meadows within forest-dominated landscapes’, Journal of Insect Conservation. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 18(6), pp. 1137–1145. doi: 10.1007/s10841-014-9724-7.
Löbel, S. et al (2018) ‘Biological traits explain bryophyte species distributions and responses to forest fragmentation and climatic variation’, Journal of Ecology, 106, pp. 1700-1713. doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12930.
Melbourne, B. A. et al. (2007) ‘Invasion in a heterogeneous world: resistance, coexistence or hostile takeover?’, Ecology Letters, 10(1), pp. 77–94. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00987.x.
Murtagh, F. and Legendre, P. (2014) ‘Ward’s Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering Method: Which Algorithms Implement Ward’s Criterion?’, Journal of Classification, 31(3), pp. 274–295. doi: 10.1007/s00357-014-9161-z.
Nooten, S. S. et al. (2019) ‘Habitat complexity affects functional traits and diversity of ant assemblages in urban green spaces (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)’, Myrmecological News, 29, pp. 67–77. doi: 10.25849/myrmecol.news_029067.
Öckinger, E. et al. (2012) ‘Landscape matrix modifies richness of plants and insects in grassland fragments’, Ecography, 35, pp. 259–267. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0587.2011.06870.x.
Oksanen, J. et al. (2019) ‘vegan: Community Ecology Package’. Available at: https://cran.r-project.org/package=vegan%0A.
Olff, H. and Ritchie, M. E. (1998) ‘Effects of herbivores on grassland plant diversity’, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 13(7), pp. 261–265. doi: 10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01364-0.
Ovaskainen, O. et al. (2017) ‘How to make more out of community data? A conceptual framework and its implementation as models and software’, Ecology Letters, 20(5), pp. 561–576. doi: 10.1111/ele.12757.
Pihlgren, A., Lenoir, L. and Dahms, H. (2010) ‘Ant and plant species richness in relation to grazing, fertilisation and topography’, Journal for Nature Conservation, 18, pp. 118–112. doi: 10.1016/j.jnc.2009.06.002.
Price, J. et al. (2017) ‘Within-community environmental variability drives trait variability in species-rich grasslands’, Journal of Vegetation Science, 28(2), pp. 303–312. doi: 10.1111/jvs.12487.
Raduła, M. W., Szymura, T. H. and Szymura, M. (2018) ‘Topographic wetness index explains soil moisture better than bioindication with Ellenberg’s indicator values’, Ecological Indicators, 85, pp. 172–179. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.10.011.
Retana, J., Arnan, X. and Cerdá, X. (2015) ‘A multidimensional functional trait analysis of resource exploitation in European ants’, Ecology, 96(10), pp. 2781–2793. doi: 10.1890/14-2326.1.
Sanders, D. and van Veen, F. J. F. (2011) ‘Ecosystem engineering and predation: The multi-trophic impact of two ant species’, Journal of Animal Ecology, 80, pp. 569–576. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01796.x.
Sanders, N. J. et al. (2007) ‘Temperature, but not productivity or geometry, predicts elevational diversity gradients in ants across spatial grains’, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 16, pp. 640–649. doi: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00316.x.
Sarty, M., Abbott, K. L. and Lester, P. J. (2006) ‘Habitat complexity facilitates coexistence in a tropical ant community’, Oecologia, 149(3), pp. 465–473. doi: 10.1007/s00442-006-0453-9.
Savolainen, R., Vepsäläinen, K. and Wuorenrinne, H. (1989) ‘Ant assemblages in the taiga biome: testing the role of territorial wood ants’, Oecologia, 81(4), pp. 481–486. doi: 10.1007/BF00378955.
Savolainen, R. and Vepsäläinen, K. (1988) ‘A Competition Hierarchy among Boreal Ants: Impact on Resource Partitioning and Community Structure’, Oikos, 51(2), p. 135. doi: 10.2307/3565636.
Schowalter, T. D. (2016) Insect ecology: an ecosystem approach. Fourth, Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach: Fourth Edition. Fourth. Academic press.
Seifert, B. (2017) ‘The ecology of Central European non-arboreal ants – 37 years of a broad-spectrum analysis under permanent taxonomic control’, Soil Organisms, 89(1), pp. 1–67.
Seifert, B. (2018) The Ants of Central and North Europe. Tauer: lutra Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft.
Scharnhorst, V. et al. (2021) ‘Ant community composition and functional traits in new grassland strips within agricultural landscapes’, Ecology and Evolution, 11(12), pp. 8319–8331.
Stark, J. et al. (2017) ‘Does environmental heterogeneity drive functional trait variation? A test in montane and alpine meadows’, Oikos. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 126(11), pp. 1650–1659. doi: 10.1111/oik.04311.
Stein, A., Gerstner, K. and Kreft, H. (2014) ‘Environmental heterogeneity as a universal driver of species richness across taxa, biomes and spatial scales’, Ecology Letters, 17(7), pp. 866–880. doi: 10.1111/ele.12277.
Stein, A. and Kreft, H. (2015) ‘Terminology and quantification of environmental heterogeneity in species-richness research’, Biological Reviews, 90(3), pp. 815–836. doi: 10.1111/brv.12135.
Stuble, K. L. et al. (2017) ‘Dominance hierarchies are a dominant paradigm in ant ecology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), but should they be? and what is a dominance hierarchy anyways?’, Myrmecological News, 24, pp. 71–81.
Tälle, M. et al. (2016) ‘Grazing vs. mowing: A meta-analysis of biodiversity benefits for grassland management’, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 222, pp. 200–212. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2016.02.008.
Tamme, R. et al. (2010) ‘Environmental heterogeneity, species diversity and co-existence at different spatial scales’, Journal of Vegetation Science, 21(4), pp. 796–801. doi: 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2010.01185.x.
R Core Team (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/.
Rousseeuw, P. J. (1987) ‘Silhouettes: A graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis’, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 20(C), pp. 53–65. doi: 10.1016/0377-0427(87)90125-7.
Tilman, D. (1982) Resource competition and community structure. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Doi: 10.2307/4549.
van Noordwijk, C. G. E. et al. (2012) ‘Life-history strategies as a tool to identify conservation constraints: A case-study on ants in chalk grasslands’, Ecological Indicators, 13(1), pp. 303–313. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.06.028.
Verberk, W. C. E. P., van der Velde, G. and Esselink, H. (2010) ‘Explaining abundance-occupancy relationships in specialists and generalists: A case study on aquatic macroinvertebrates in standing waters’, Journal of Animal Ecology, 79(3), pp. 589–601. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01660.x.
Violle, C. et al. (2007) ‘Let the concept of trait be functional!’, Oikos, 116(5), pp. 882–892. doi: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.15559.x.
Wang, Y. et al. (2012) ‘mvabund – an R package for model-based analysis of multivariate abundance data’, Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 3, pp. 471–474. doi: 10.1111/j.2041-210X.2012.00190.x.
Wang, Y. et al. (2019) ‘mvabund: Statistical Methods for Analysing Multivariate Abundance Data’. Available at: https://cran.r-project.org/package=mvabund.
Warton, D. I. et al. (2015) ‘Model-based thinking for community ecology’, Plant Ecology, 216(5), pp. 669–682. doi: 10.1007/s11258-014-0366-3.
Warton, D. I., Thibaut, L. and Wang, Y. A. (2017) ‘The PIT-trap — A “model-free” bootstrap procedure for inference about regression models with discrete, multivariate responses’, PLoS ONE, 12(7), p. e0181790. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181790.
Wills, B. D. and Landis, D. A. (2018) ‘The role of ants in north temperate grasslands: a review’, Oecologia, 186(2), pp. 323–338. doi: 10.1007/s00442-017-4007-0.
Zeileis, A. and Hothorn, T. (2002) ‘Diagnostic Checking in Regression Relationships’, R News, 2(3), pp. 7–10. Available at: https://cran.r-project.org/doc/Rnews/.
Zirbel, C. R., et al. (2017) ‘Plant functional traits and environmental conditions shape community assembly and ecosystem functioning during restoration’, Journal of Applied Ecology, 54, 1070–1079. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12885
Zuur, A. F., Ieno, E. N. and Elphick, C. S. (2010) ‘A protocol for data exploration to avoid common statistical problems’, Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 1, pp. 3–14. doi: 10.1111/j.2041-210X.2009.00001.x.