DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data that support the findings of this study Will be deposited in
Dryad Digital Repository.
REFERENCES
Abelenda, M., Nava, M. P., Fernández-Camacho, A., Alonso López, J. A.,
Alonso López, J. C., Muñoz-Pulido, R., Bautista, L. M. and Puerta, M. L.
(1993). Blood values of Common Cranes by age and season.Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology,
104 (3), 575–578. https://doi:10.1016/0300-9629(93)90466-h
Adegoke, A. S. (1983). Diet of the village weaver Ploceus
cucullatus. Malimbus , 5 , 79-89.
Agrawal, A. A., & Klein, C. N. (2000). What omnivores eat: direct
effects of induced plant resistance on herbivores and indirect
consequences for diet selection by omnivores. Journal of Animal
Ecology , 69 (3), 525-535.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.2000.00416.x
Agrawal, A. A., Kobayashi, C., & Thaler, J. S. (1999). Influence of
prey availability and induced host‐plant resistance on omnivory by
western flower thrips. Ecology , 80 (2), 518-523.
https://doi.org/10.2307/176630
Al-Dabbagh, K. Y., Jiad, J. H., & Waheed, I. N. (1987). The influence
of diet on the intestine length of the White-cheeked Bulbul Ornis
Scandinavica , 18 (2), 150-152.
Andersson, N., Piha, M., Meller, K., Välimäki, K., & Lehikoinen, A.
(2018). Variation in body condition of songbirds during breeding season
in relation to sex, migration strategy and weather. Ornis
Fennica , 95 (2), 70-81.
Awoyemi, A. G. (2020). Effects of moult and breeding on the body
condition of some forest birds in southwest Nigeria. MALIMBUS ,42 (2), 99-107.
Bairlein, F. (1987). The migratory strategy of the Garden Warbler: a
survey of field and laboratory data. Ringing & Migration ,8 (2):59-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/03078698.1987.9673903
Bairlein, F. (2002). How to get fat: nutritional mechanisms of seasonal
fat accumulation in migratory
songbirds. Naturwissenschaften , 89 (1), 1-10.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-001-0279-6
Borrow, N., & Demey, R. (2004). A guide to the birds of western Africa
(2nd ed.). Christopher Helm.
Bravo, C., Bautista, L. M., Ponce, C., & Alonso, J. C. (2019). Feeding
functional responses in a sexually size-dimorphic bird. Acta
Oecologica , 101 , 103487. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.actao.2019.103487
Brodin, A., Nilsson, J. Å., & Nord, A. (2017). Adaptive temperature
regulation in the little bird in winter: predictions from a stochastic
dynamic programming model. Oecologia , 185 (1), 43-54.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-017-3923-3
Burin, G., Kissling, W. D., Guimarães, P. R. Jr., Şekercioğlu, C. H., &
Quental, T. B. (2016). Omnivory in birds is a macroevolutionary sink.Nature Communication . 7 , 11250.
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11250
Carey, C., & Morton, M. L. (1976). Aspects of circulatory physiology of
montane and lowland birds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology
Part A: Physiology , 54 (1), 61-74.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0300-9629(76)80073-4
Cherel, Y. V. E. S., Charrassin, J. B., & Challet, E. T. I. E. N. N. E.
(1994). Energy and protein requirements for molt in the king penguin
Aptenodytes patagonicus. American Journal of
Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology ,266( 4), R1182-R1188.
https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1994.266.4.R1182
Coll, M., & Guershon, M. (2002). Omnivory in terrestrial arthropods:
mixing plant and prey diets. Annual review of entomology ,47( 1),
267-297.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145209
Collias, N. E., & Collias, E. C. (1970). the Behaviour of the West
African Village Weaverbird. Ibis , 112 (4):457–480.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1970.tb00818.x
Collias, N. E., Collias, E. C., Jacobs, C. H., Cox, C. R., & McAlary,
F. A. (1986). Old age and breeding behavior in a tropical passerine birdPloceus cucullatus under controlled conditions. The
Auk , 103 (2):408-419.
https://academic.oup.com/auk/article-abstract/103/2/408/5191511
Cook, J.G., Johnson, B.K., Cook, R.C., Riggs, R.A., Delcurto, T.,
Bryant, L.D. & Irwin, L.L. (2004) Effects of summer-autumn nutrition
and parturition date on reproduction and survival of elk. Wildlife
Monographs, 155 , 1– 61. https://doi.org/ 10.2193/0084
0173(2004)155[1: EOSNAP]2.0.CO;2
Craig, A. J. F. K. (2010). Family Ploceidae (Weavers). Weavers to New
World warblers. In D. J. Hoyo, A. Elliot & D. A. Christie (Eds),Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 15 (pp. 165–166).
Barcelona: Lynx Editions.
Dawson, R. D., & Bortolotti, G. R. (1997). Are avian heamatocrits
indicative of condition? American kestrels as a model. The Journal
of wildlife management , 1297-1306. https://doi.org/10.2307/3802129
Dawson, R. D., & Bortolotti, G. R. (1997). Variation in heamatocrit and
total plasma proteins of nestling American kestrels Falco
sparverius in the wild. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology
Part A: Physiology , 117 (3), 383-390.
Dimiceli, J. K., Stouffer, P. C., Johnson, E. I., Leonardi, C., &
Moser, E. B. (2007). Seed preferences of wintering Henslow’s
Sparrows. The Condor , 109 (3), 595-604.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1650/8229.1
Eikenaar, C., Karwinkel, T., & Hessler, S. (2021). Changes in fat mass
affect the motivation to migrate in northern wheatears. Journal of
Avian Biology , 52 (6). https://doi.org/10.1111/jav.02736
Ewen, J. G., Surai, P., Stradi, R., Møller, A. P., Vittorio, B.,
Griffiths, R., & Armstrong, D. P. (2006). Carotenoids, colour, and
conservation in an endangered passerine, the Hihi or stitch birdNotiomystis cincta . Animal Conservation , 9 (2),
229-235.
Fair, J, Whitaker, S., & Pearson, B. (2007). Sources of variation in
haematocrit in birds. Ibis 149(3):535–552.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.2007.00680.x
Fernández‐Montraveta, C., & Moya‐Laraño, J. (2007). Sex‐specific
plasticity of growth and maturation size in a spider: implications for
sexual size dimorphism. Journal of Evolutionary Biology ,20 (5), 1689-1699.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01399.x
Filipiak, Z. M., & Filipiak, M. (2020). The scarcity of specific
nutrients in wild bee larval food negatively influences certain life
history traits. Biology , 9 (12), 462.
https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9120462
Garvin, J. C., Dunn, P. O., Whittingham, L. A., Steeber, D. A., &
Hasselquist, D. (2007). Do male ornaments signal immunity in the Common
Yellowthroat? Behavioural Ecology, 19(1):54–60.
https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arm099
Gavett, A. P., & Wakeley, J. S. (1986). Blood constituents and their
relation to diet in urban and rural House Sparrows. The
Condor , 88 (3), 279-284. https://doi.org/10.2307/1368873
Gillespie, D. R., & McGregor, R. R. (2000). The functions of plant
feeding in the omnivorous predator Dicyphus hesperus: water places
limits on predation. Ecological Entomology , 25 (4),
380-386. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/495805
Gillespie, D. R., VanLaerhoven, S. L., McGregor, R. R., Chan, S., &
Roitberg, B. D. (2012). Plant feeding in an omnivorous mirid, Dicyphus
hesperus: why plant context matters. Psyche , 2012 .
https://doi.org/
Goławski, A., Polakowski, M., Filimowski, P., Stępniewska, K.,
Stępniewski, K., Kiljan, G., & Kilon, D. (2015). Factors influencing
the fat load variation in three wintering bird species under stable food
access conditions. Journal of ethology , 33 (3), 205-211.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10164-015-0433-9
Gosler, A. G. (1991). On the use of greater covert moult and pectoral
muscle as measures of condition in passerines with data for the Great
Tit Parus major. Bird Study , 38 (1), 1-9.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00063659109477061
Griffith, S. C., Ton, R., Hurley, L. L., McDiarmid, C. S., &
Pacheco-Fuentes, H. (2021). The ecology of the Zebra finch makes it a
great laboratory model but an outlier amongst passerine birds.Birds , 2 (1), 60-76.
https://doi.org/10.3390/birds2010004
Harrison, X. A., Blount, J. D., Inger, R., Norris, D. R., & Bearhop, S.
(2011). Carry‐over effects as drivers of fitness differences in animals.Journal of Animal Ecology , 80 (1), 4-18.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077783
Houston, D. C. (1998). Nutritional constraints on breeding birds. InProceedings of the 22nd International Ornithological Congress in
Durban. Birdlife South Africa, Johannesburg , 52-66.
Johnson, M. D., & Sherry, T. W. (2001). Effects of food availability on
the distribution of migratory warblers among habitats in
Jamaica. Journal of Animal Ecology , 70:546-560.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.2001.00522.x
Jordano, P. (1987). Frugivory, external morphology and digestive system
in Mediterranean sylviid warblers Sylvia spp. Ibis , 129 ,
175-189.
Karasov, W. H., & del Rio, C. M. (2007). Physiological ecology:
how animals process energy, nutrients, and toxins . Princeton University
Press.
Karasov, W. H., & Levey, D. J. (1990). Digestive system trade-offs and
adaptations of frugivorous passerine birds. Physiological
Zoology , 63 (6), 1248-1270.
https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.63.6.30152643
Klaassen, M. (1995). Moult and basal metabolic costs in males of two
subspecies of stonechats: the European Saxicola torquaterubicula and the East African S. t. axillaris . Oecologia
(Berl.), 104 , 424–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00341339.
Klasing, K. C. (1998). Comparative avian nutrition . Cab
International.
Krieger, J. W., Sitren, H. S., Daniels, M. J., & Langkamp-Henken, B.
(2006). Effects of variation in protein and carbohydrate intake on body
mass and composition during energy restriction: a meta-regression.The American journal of clinical nutrition , 83 (2),
260-274. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/83.2.260
Kwieciński, Z., Rosin, Z. M., Dylewski, Ł., & Skórka, P. (2017). Sexual
differences in food preferences in the white stork: an experimental
study. The Science of Nature , 104 (5), 1-8.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-017-1457-5
Labocha, M. K., & Hayes, J. P. (2012). Morphometric indices of body
condition in birds: a review. Journal of Ornithology ,153 (1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-011-0706-1
Lahti, D. C. (2003). Cactus fruits may facilitate village weaver
(Ploceus cucullatus) breeding in atypical habitat on Hispaniola.The Wilson Journal of Ornithology , 115 (4), 487-489.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/03-016
Lamperti, A. M., French, A. R., Dierenfeld, E. S., Fogiel, M. K.,
Whitney, K. D., Stauffer, D. J., … & Parker, V. T. (2014). Diet
selection is related to breeding status in two frugivorous hornbill
species of Central Africa. Journal of Tropical Ecology ,30 (4), 273-290. https://doi.org/
10.1017/S0266467414000236
Liknes, E. T., & Swanson, D. L. (2011). Phenotypic flexibility of body
composition associated with seasonal acclimatization in passerine birds.Journal of Thermal Biology , 36 (6), 363-370.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2011.06.010
Lindstrom, A., Kvist, A., Piersma, T., Dekinga, A., & Dietz, M. W.
(2000). Avian pectoral muscle size rapidly tracks body mass changes
during flight, fasting, and fuelling. Journal of Experimental
Biology , 203 (5), 913-919. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.5.913
Linville, S. U., & Breitwisch, R. (1997). Carotenoid availability and
plumage coloration in a wild population of northern cardinals. The
Auk , 114 (4), 796-800. https://doi.org/10.2307/4089305
Mallory, M. L., Forbes, M. R., Ankney, C. D., & Alisauskas, R. T.
(2008). Nutrient dynamics and constraints on the pre-laying exodus of
High Arctic northern fulmars. Aquatic Biology , 4 (3),
211-223. https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00113
McWilliams, D. A. (2008). Nutritional considerations for captive
Charadriiformes (shorebirds, gulls, and alcids). CAB Reviews:
Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural
Resources , 3 (28), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR20083028
McWilliams, S. R., & Karasov, W. H. (2005). Migration takes
guts. Birds of two worlds: the ecology and evolution of migration.
Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC , 67-78.
McWilliams, S. R., Guglielmo, C., Pierce, B., & Klaassen, M. (2004).
Flying, fasting, and feeding in birds during migration: a nutritional
and physiological ecology perspective. Journal of Avian Biology ,35 (5), 377-393.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03378.x
Milenkaya, O., Weinstein, N., Legge, S., & Walters, J. R. (2013).
Variation in body condition indices of crimson finches by sex, breeding
stage, age, time of day, and year. Conservation Physiology ,1 (1). https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cot020
Milne, J. R., Walter, G. H., Kaonga, D., & Sabio, G. C. (1996). The
importance of non‐pollen plant parts as food sources for the common
blossom thrips, Frankliniella schultzei. Entomologia
experimentalis et applicata , 78 (3), 271-281.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb00791.x
Milne, M., & Walter, G. H. (1997). The significance of prey in the diet
of the phytophagous thrips, Frankliniella schultzei. Ecological
Entomology , 22 (1), 74-81. https://doi.org/
10.1046/j.1365-2311.1997.00034.x
Molokwu, M. N., Nilsson, J. Å., Ottosson, U., & Olsson, O. (2010).
Effects of season, water and predation risk on patch use by birds on the
African savannah. Oecologia , 164 (3), 637-645.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/40926683
Murphy, M. E., & Pearcy, S. D. (1993). Dietary amino acid
complementation as a foraging strategy for wild birds. Physiology
and behavior , 53 (4), 689-698.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(93)90175-f
Ndlovu, M., Hockey, P. A., & Cumming, G. S. (2017). Body mass and
pectoral muscle size changes in African waterfowl during
moult. African Journal of Wildlife Research , 47 (1), 24-31.
https://doi.org/10.3957/056.047.0024
Nwaogu, C. J. (2019). Avian life in a seasonally arid tropical
environment: adaptations and mechanisms in breeding, moult and immune
function. PhD thesis, University of Groningen.
Nwaogu, C. J., Dietz, M. W., Tieleman, B. I., & Cresswell, W. (2017).
Breeding limits foraging time: evidence of interrupted foraging response
from body mass variation in a tropical environment. Journal of
Avian Biology , 48 (4), 563-569. https://doi.org/10.1111/jav.01132
Nwaogu, C. J., Galema, A., Cresswell, W., Dietz, M. W., & Tieleman, B.
I. (2020). A fruit diet rather than invertebrate diet maintains a robust
innate immunity in an omnivorous tropical songbird. Journal of
Animal Ecology , 89 (3), 867–883.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13152
Osinubi, S. T., McGraw, K. J., Ottosson, U., Brown, J. A., Briskie, J.
V., & Chapman, H. M. (2018). Carotenoid-based plumage pigmentation and
concentration as a function of sex and habitat type in the
Yellow-breasted Boubou Laniarius
atroflavus . Ostrich , 89 (3), 259-264.
https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2018.1464076
Pap, P. L., Vagasi, C. I., Czirjak, G. A., & Barta, Z. (2008). Diet
quality affects postnuptial molting and feather quality of the house
sparrow (Passer domesticus): interaction with humoral immune function?Canadian Journal of Zoology , 86 (8), 834-842.
https://doi.org/10.1139/Z08-060
Petit, M., & Vézina, F. (2014). Phenotype manipulations confirm the
role of pectoral muscles and haematocrit in avian maximal thermogenic
capacity. Journal of Experimental Biology , 217 (6),
824-830. https://doi.org/
10.1242/jeb.095703
Pierce, B. J., & McWilliams, S. R. (2004). Diet quality and food
limitation affect the dynamics of body composition and digestive organs
in a migratory songbird Zonotrichia
albicollis . Physiological and Biochemical Zoology , 77 (3),
471-483. https://doi.org/10.1086/383503
Piersma, T., & Gill Jr, R. E. (1998). Guts don’t fly: small digestive
organs in obese Bar-tailed Godwits. The Auk , 115 (1),
196-203. https://doi.org/10.2307/4089124
Piersma, T., Gudmundsson, G. A., & Lilliendahl, K. (1999). Rapid
changes in the size of different functional organ and muscle groups
during refuelling in a long-distance migrating
shorebird. Physiological and biochemical Zoology , 72 (4),
405-415. https://doi.org/10.1086/316680
Piersma, T. (1984). Estimating energy reserves of Great Crested Grebes
Podiceps cristatus on the basis of body
dimensions. Ardea , 72 (1), 119-126.
Pryke, S. R., Astheimer, L. B., Griffith, S. C., & Buttemer, W. A.
(2012). Covariation in life-history traits: differential effects of diet
on condition, hormones, behavior, and reproduction in genetic finch
morphs. The American Naturalist , 179 (3), 375-390.
https://doi.org/10.1086/664078
Redfern, C. P. F., & Clark, J. A. (2001). Ringers’ Manual, British
Trust for Ornithology.
Shahani, S., Braga-Basaria, M., Maggio, M., & Basaria, S. (2009).
Androgens and erythropoiesis: past and present. Journal of
endocrinological investigation , 32 (8), 704-716.
https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03345745
Singer, M. S., & Bernays, E. A. (2003). Understanding omnivory needs a
behavioral perspective. Ecology , 84 (10), 2532-2537.
https://doi.org/
10.1890/02-0397
Smith, S. B., & McWilliams, S. R. (2009). Dietary macronutrients affect
lipid metabolites and body composition of a migratory passerine, the
white-throated sparrow Zonotrichia
albicollis . Physiological and Biochemical Zoology , 82 (3),
258-269. https://doi.org/10.1086/597519
Stettenheim, P. R. (2000). The integumentary morphology of modern
birds—an overview. American Zoologist , 40 (4), 461-477.
https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/40.4.461
Swanson, D. L. (1990). Seasonal variation of vascular oxygen transport
in the dark-eyed junco. The Condor , 92 (1), 62-66.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1368383
Swanson, D. L. (2010). Seasonal metabolic variation in birds: functional
and mechanistic correlates. In Current Ornithology Volume 17 (pp.
75-129). Springer, New York, NY.
Treidel, L. A., Clark, R. M., Lopez, M. T., & Williams, C. M. (2021).
Physiological demands and nutrient intake modulate a trade-off between
dispersal and reproduction based on age and sex of field crickets.Journal of Experimental Biology , 224 (7), jeb237834.
https://doi.org/ 10.1242/jeb.237834
Trichilo, P. J., & Leigh, T. F. (1988). Influence of resource quality
on the reproductive fitness of flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae).Annals of the entomological Society of America , 81 (1),
64-70. https://doi.org/
Turkson, P. K., & Ganyo, E. Y. (2015). ’Relationship between
haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume in cattle blood
samples’ Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 82 (1),
863-868. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v82i1.863
Van den Burg, A. B. (2009). Limitations of owl reproduction in the wild:
is there a role for food quality besides quantity? Ardea ,97 (4), 609-614.Limitations of owl reproduction in the wild: is
there a role for food quality besides quantity? Ardea ,97 (4), 609-614. https://doi.org/10.5253/078.097.0429
Velguth, K. E., Payton, M. E., & Hoover, J. P. (2010). Relationship of
haemoglobin concentration to packed cell volume in avian blood samples.Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 24 , 115–121.
Vézina, F., Cornelius Ruhs, E., O’Connor, E. S., Le Pogam, A.,
Régimbald, L., Love, O. P., & Jimenez, A. G. (2020). Consequences of
being phenotypically mismatched with the environment: rapid muscle
ultrastructural changes in cold-shocked black-capped chickadees
(Poecile atricapillus ). American Journal of
Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology ,318 (2), R274-R283.
https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00203.2019
Walker, L. K., Thorogood, R., Karadas, F., Raubenheimer, D., Kilner, R.
M., & Ewen, J. G. (2014). Foraging for carotenoids: do colorful male
hihi target carotenoid-rich foods in the wild? Behavioral
ecology , 25 (5), 1048-1057. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/aru076
Yilangai, R. M., Chaskda, A. A., & Mwansat, G. S. (2014). Avian
Utilization of the Fruits of Carissa Edulis Vahl andJasminum Dichotomum Vahl in A Central Nigerian Reserve.Journal of Natural Sciences Research , 4 (11), 2224-3186.