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\begin{document}

\title{Analysis and impact of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Stratospheric Water
Vapor Plume}



\author[1]{Mark Schoeberl}%
\author[1]{Yi Wang}%
\author[2]{R Ueyama}%
\author[3]{G Taha}%
\affil[1]{Science and Technology Corporation}%
\affil[2]{NASA Ames Research Center}%
\affil[3]{Morgan State University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 16, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
On Jan. 15, 2022, the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption injected SO2
and H2O into the middle stratosphere. The eruption produced a persistent
mid-stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer, mostly below 26 km, confined to
Southern Hemisphere (SH) tropics. Coincident with, and slightly above
the aerosol layer, an enhanced H2O layer is also observed. The SH
tropical confinement is simulated using a trajectory model. Measurements
over several months following the eruption show that the H2O layer is
slowly rising while the aerosol layer is descending. The H2O layer
upward movement is consistent with the vertical velocity at these
altitudes. Gravitationally settling explains the descent of the aerosol
layer. A cold anomaly coincident with the H2O enhancement is observed
and is caused by thermal adjustment to the additional H2O IR cooling. A
simple model of volcanic water injection at the time of the eruption
simulates the observed H2O.%
\end{abstract}%



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