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\begin{document}

\title{A laboratory model for a meandering zonal jet}



\author[1]{Kial Douglas Stewart}%
\author[1]{Fergus Macleod}%
\affil[1]{Australian National University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 16, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The meandering jet streams of the Northern Hemisphere influence the
weather for more than half of Earth's population, so it is imperative
that we improve our understanding of their behaviour and how they might
respond to climate change. Here we describe a novel laboratory model for
a meandering zonal jet. This model comprises a large rotating annulus
with a series of topographic ridges, and an imposed radial vorticity
flux. Flow interactions with the topographic ridges operate to
concentrate the zonal transport into a narrow jet, which supports the
development and propagation of Rossby waves. We investigate the dynamics
of the jet for a range of rotation rates, imposed radial vorticity
fluxes, and topographic ridge configurations. The circulations are
classified into two distinct regimes: predominantly zonal, or
predominantly meandering. The flow regime can be quantified by the ratio
of the Ekman dissipation and jet advection timescales, which gives an
indication of whether disturbances arising from the flow-topography
interaction are dissipated faster than the time taken to circuit the
annulus; if not, these disturbances will re-encounter the topography,
and thus be reinforced and amplified. For predominantly zonal flows, the
radial vorticity flux is mainly performed by transient eddies. For
predominantly meandering flows, standing meanders perform 81+/-14\% of
the radial vorticity flux, with 15+/-16\% accommodated by the transient
eddies. Our experiments indicate that the Arctic amplification
associated with climate change will tend to favour predominantly zonal
flow conditions, suggesting a reduced occurrence of atmospheric blocking
events caused by the jet streams.%
\end{abstract}%



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