\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Reducing a Stream Network's Horton-Strahler Stream Order Improves the
Skill of Flood Inundation Maps from Height Above Nearest Drainage Method}



\author[1]{Fernando Aristizabal}%
\author[2]{Gregory Petrochenkov}%
\author[3]{Fernando Salas}%
\author[4]{Hamed Zamanisabzi}%
\author[4]{Matt Luck}%
\author[5]{Brian Avant}%
\author[4]{Bradford Bates}%
\author[4]{Trevor Grout}%
\author[4]{Ryan Spies}%
\author[6]{Nick Chadwick}%
\author[7]{Zachary Wills}%
\author[8]{Jasmeet Judge}%
\affil[1]{Office of Water Prediction}%
\affil[2]{United States Geological Survey}%
\affil[3]{NOAA National Water Center}%
\affil[4]{Lynker Technologies}%
\affil[5]{NOAA}%
\affil[6]{Office of Water Prediction, National Weather Service, NOAA}%
\affil[7]{NOAA Affiliate, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research}%
\affil[8]{Center for Remote Sensing, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 13, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
The National Water Model (NWM) currently requires the post-processing of
forecast discharges to produce forecast flood inundation maps (FIM) to
support the National Weather Service's mission of protecting life and
property. Height Above Nearest Drainage (HAND) is a means of detrending
digital elevation models (DEM) by normalizing elevations to the nearest,
relevant drainage line (creeks, rivers, etc). It's worthy of producing
high-resolution FIMs at large spatial scales and frequent time steps
using reach-averaged synthetic rating curves. However, HAND based FIMs
suffer from a known limitation caused by independent catchments that
lack the ability to cross catchment boundaries and ridgelines. To
counter this constraint, a version of HAND known as Generalized
Mainstems (GMS) is proposed that reduces the Horton-Strahler stream
order of the stream network. To demonstrate skill enhancement, we
constructed HAND derived at three different stream resolutions including
the NWM full resolution (FR), the NWM mainstems (MS) resolution, and the
NWM GMS resolution stream networks. The FR stream network contains all
NWM forecast locations and the MS resolution stream network contains all
river segments at or downstream of NWS river forecast points. GMS
contains all segments within the FR stream resolution but instead of
deriving HAND by accounting for all river segments at once, it is
derived independently at the level path (LP) scale. LPs are unique
identifiers propagated upstream from a sub-basin's outlet along the
direction of maximum flow distance and repeated recursively until all
segments are assigned LP identifiers. These serve as processing units
for HAND dataset production and FIMs are made at the LP scale. These
FIMs are then mosaiced together, effectively turning the stream network
into discrete groups of homogenous unit stream order by removing the
influence of neighboring tributaries. Improvement in mapping skill on
the order of 2\% points of Critical Success Index for MS and 2\% points
more for GMS is demonstrated by comparing to HEC-RAS FIMs. Additionally,
both Probability of Detection and False Alarm Ratio improve which can be
partly explained by a positive correlation of stream order with river
stage at fixed discharge values within the synthetic rating curves
produced by HAND.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy




\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

