\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Significance of diapycnal mixing within the Atlantic Meridional
Overturning Circulation}



\author[1]{Laura Cimoli}%
\author[2]{Ali Mashayek}%
\author[1]{Helen Louise Johnson}%
\author[1]{David P Marshall}%
\author[3]{Alberto C. Naveira Garabato}%
\author[4]{Caitlin Whalen}%
\author[5]{Clement Vic}%
\author[6]{Casimir de Lavergne}%
\author[7]{Matthew H Alford}%
\author[7]{Jennifer A MacKinnon}%
\author[8]{Lynne D. Talley}%
\affil[1]{University of Oxford}%
\affil[2]{Imperial College London}%
\affil[3]{University of Southampton}%
\affil[4]{University of Washington}%
\affil[5]{Laboratoire d'Oceanographie Physique et Spatiale}%
\affil[6]{Sorbonne University}%
\affil[7]{Scripps Institution of Oceanography}%
\affil[8]{UCSD}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 13, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Diapycnal mixing shapes the distribution of climatically-important
tracers, such as heat and carbon, as these are carried by dense water
masses in the ocean interior. Here, we analyze a suite of
observation-based estimates of diapycnal mixing to assess its role
within the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. The rate of
water mass transformation in the Atlantic Ocean's interior shows that
there is a robust buoyancy increase in the North Atlantic Deep Water
(NADW), with a diapycnal circulation of up to 4 Sv between 24N and 32S
in the Atlantic Ocean. Moreover, tracers within the southward-flowing
NADW may undergo a substantial diapycnal transfer, equivalent to
hundreds of metres in the vertical. This result is confirmed with a
zonally-averaged numerical model of the AMOC and indicates that tracer
mixing can lead to divergent global pathways and ventilation timescales
following the upwelling of tracers in the Southern Ocean. These results
point to the need for a realistic mixing representation in climate
models in order to understand and credibly project the ongoing climate
change.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy




\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

