\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[ngerman,english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Aquatic insect bioconstructions modify fine-sediment entrainment and
mobility}



\author[1]{Richard J Mason}%
\author[2]{Stephen P. P Rice}%
\author[3]{Matthew Frederick Johnson}%
\author[2]{Paul Wood}%
\author[4]{Davide Vettori}%
\affil[1]{Umeå University}%
\affil[2]{Loughborough University}%
\affil[3]{University of Nottingham}%
\affil[4]{Politecnico di Torino}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 17, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
The importance of animals within fluvial geomorphology
(zoogeomorphology) is increasingly recognized. Caddisflies (Trichoptera)
are a group of aquatic insects known for their bioconstructions. Many
caddisfly construct cases from fine sediment and silk. Caddisfly cases
differ in size, shape and density from the incorporated sediment and
case construction may therefore affect the mobility of these sediments
in rivers. However, even though communities of caddisfly often use
substantial quantities of sediment in case construction, the effect of
these bioconstructions on sediment transport in rivers is unknown. We
use a flume experiment to compare the bed shear stress required to
transport (1) empty caddisfly cases and (2) individual sediment
particles following disaggregation from the case. The cases of three
species were considered; two that construct different styles of tubular
case (\emph{Potamophlax latipennis} and \emph{Sericostoma personatum})
and one that builds a domed case (\emph{Agapetus fuscipes)}. \emph{P.
latipennis} and \emph{S. personatum} cases were easier to entrain than
the sediment grains incorporated into them, whilst \emph{A. fuscipes}
cases were not. Despite their low mass, \emph{A. fuscipes} cases
required the most shear stress to transport them because their domed
shape impeded rolling. These findings are important for understanding
how caddisfly affect sediment mobility in rivers and how differences in
case design reflect case function to the larvae. These results suggest
that un-attached tubular caddisfly cases may be preferentially
transported over other particles on the river bed and thus caddisfly may
increase fluvial entrainment of sand where they occur in high abundance.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`supporting-information_v1.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/533927/articles/598340-aquatic-insect-bioconstructions-modify-fine-sediment-entrainment-and-mobility}

\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`essoar.10507821.1.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/533927/articles/598340-aquatic-insect-bioconstructions-modify-fine-sediment-entrainment-and-mobility}

\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

