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\begin{document}

\title{REE and Neodymium isotope distribution in the northern South China Sea:
particulate dissolution versus water mass mixing}



\author[1]{Qiong Wu}%
\author[2]{Zhifei Lliu}%
\author[3]{Christophe Colin}%
\author[4]{Eric Douville}%
\author[5]{Yulong Zhao}%
\author[6]{Arnaud Dapoigny}%
\author[7]{Louise Bordier}%
\author[8]{Yi Huang}%
\author[5]{Pengfei Ma}%
\affil[1]{College of Oceanography, Hohai University}%
\affil[2]{State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University}%
\affil[3]{Université Paris-Saclay}%
\affil[4]{LSCE Gif/Yvette}%
\affil[5]{Tongji University}%
\affil[6]{Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL}%
\affil[7]{Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE/IPSL), UMR 8212 CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.}%
\affil[8]{Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, GEOPS}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 17, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Dissolved rare earth elements (REE) and neodymium isotopic compositions
(\selectlanguage{greek}ε\selectlanguage{english}Nd) were intensively used to evaluate water mass mixing and lithogenic
inputs in oceans. The South China Sea (SCS) is the largest marginal sea
and a key region for reconstructing past hydrological changes in the
West Pacific; however, its REE and \selectlanguage{greek}ε\selectlanguage{english}Nd distribution are still not well
established. This study investigated dissolved REE concentration and \selectlanguage{greek}ε\selectlanguage{english}Nd
distribution at four water stations in the northern and central SCS to
better constrain the \selectlanguage{greek}ε\selectlanguage{english}Nd distribution and REE cycle in the SCS. The
results show relatively high concentrations of REE in surface seawater
due to the terrigenous inputs. Seasonal variability in the middle REE
enrichment is observed, suggesting a controlling role of the lateral
mixing of water masses in the REE fractionation. The decreased REE
concentrations in bottom water are mainly attributed to the re-suspended
particle scavenging. Surface seawater \selectlanguage{greek}ε\selectlanguage{english}Nd varies from -2.8\selectlanguage{ngerman}±0.3 to
-6.7±0.3, implying a significant modification due to riverine inputs.
The intermediate water is characterized by a slightly negative \selectlanguage{greek}ε\selectlanguage{english}Nd
compared to the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) suggesting a
vertical mixing between the intermediate and deep water within the SCS.
\selectlanguage{greek}ε\selectlanguage{english}Nd of deep water shows a narrow range from -3.4\selectlanguage{ngerman}±0.3 to -4.2±0.3 (mean
value of \textasciitilde{}-3.8), supporting the presence of Pacific Deep
Water (PDW) in the deep SCS basins nowadays. \selectlanguage{greek}ε\selectlanguage{english}Nd of deep water in the
SCS behaves conservatively along its pathway from the West Pacific to
the SCS even though particle scavenging occurs in bottom water.%
\end{abstract}%



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