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\begin{document}

\title{Crustal deformation in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau: the roles of
northward indentation of the Qaidam basin and southward underthrusting
of the North China Craton}



\author[1]{Chuang Sun}%
\author[1]{Gang Zhi Li}%
\author[2]{Wenjun Zheng}%
\author[3]{Dong Jia}%
\author[4]{Shuang Yang}%
\affil[1]{School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University}%
\affil[2]{Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Geodynamics and Geohazards, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University}%
\affil[3]{Nanjing University}%
\affil[4]{School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 13, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Northward indentation of the Qaidam Basin (QB) and southward
underthrusting of North China Craton (NCC) lithospheric mantle beneath
the Qilian Shan (QLS) are two frequently-cited geodynamic modes for
interpreting the evolution of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. We here
aim at understanding the roles of these two dynamic processes in crustal
deformation and how they interact during plateau growth in the NE margin
by using sandbox experiments that simulate the convergence of the QB-QLS
belt through indentation and underthrusting type of boundary conditions
individually, alternately or synchronously. Results illustrate that 1)
Underthrusting beneath the QLS favors a gently-tapering, one-sided
thrust wedge only above the downgoing slab. 2) Indentation of the QB
promotes the occurrence of doubly vergent convergent belts with two
oppositely-tapering thrust wedges spreading from the slab boundary. 3)
Diverse convergence histories lead to distinct deformation patterns for
the modelled convergent belts. However, only when indentation and
underthrusting occurred synchronously, the modelled thrust wedge
resembles current QB-QLS belt in terms of growth sequence, wedge
geometry and deformation localization pattern, indicating that
bidirectional compression mode maybe the best approximation for the late
Cenozoic northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Our experiments further reveal
that shift of boundary conditions like alternation of geodynamic drivers
and encountered foreland buttress, would result in limited changes in
uplift rate of individual structures. Instead, switch between different
structural evolutionary stages causes more pronounced variations and
should be noted when interpreting thermochronologic data from the
northeastern Tibetan Plateau.%
\end{abstract}%



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