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\title{A Revisit of Temporal and Spatial Variability and Resolution of Rainfall
Measurements Relevant for Urban Hydrology}



\author[1]{Hao Luo}%
\author[2]{Irene Crisologo}%
\author[1]{Marcelo Garcia}%
\author[3]{Scott Collis}%
\author[2]{Daniel Horton}%
\author[2]{Aaron Packman}%
\affil[1]{University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign}%
\affil[2]{Northwestern University}%
\affil[3]{Argonne National Laboratory}%


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  \date{June 14, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Localized and severe storms can cause citywide flooding, leading
drainage systems to surcharge and overflow to nearby water courses.
Urban catchments feature high degrees of imperviousness and
heterogeneity, often resulting in highly nonlinear hydrologic responses
with shorter time of concentration, lag times, and sharper peak flows.
Additionally, due to population and economic growth, urban drainage
systems have attempted to evolve to more efficiently drain surface
waters and reduce vulnerabilities. A critical outcome of this evolution
is the need for finer spatio-temporal resolution rainfall measurements
and hydrological modeling. As the major driving mechanism, the
spatio-temporal variability in rainfall is acknowledged as a key source
of uncertainty for urban hydrological modeling. The objective of this
research is to revisit the impact of the temporal and spatial resolution
of rainfall measurements on urban hydrological applications. We first
provide a quantitative analysis of the spatiotemporal structure and
variability of rainfall using both a 9-member hourly rain gauge network
spaced \textasciitilde{}10 km apart and a single WSR-88D
dual-polarimetric weather radar with precipitation resolved every 5
minutes at \textasciitilde{}500 m. Precipitation data from each
observing system extracted at different time steps is aggregated within
urban catchments and compared for three typical intense storms over a
set of urban catchments located in Chicago Metropolitan area. Then the
rain-runoff dynamics for 9 geographically-diverse (relative to the
underneath sewer system) and differently-sized catchments are examined
utilizing MetroFlow -- a coupled hydrologic and hydraulic modeling
system. Finally, city-wide flooding risks are simulated by routing the
predicted surface runoff through the as-built sewer system. Additional
mitigating storage capacity is also considered by numerical modeling the
deep tunnel and reservoir in construction. The sensitivity of urban
flood variables (i.e., mean and peak depth as well as duration) to
rainfall spatio-temporal resolution is analyzed. Our results complement
and advance the limited literature attempting to resolve the ideal
resolution of rainfall data relevant for urban hydrology and stormwater
management.%
\end{abstract}%



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