Within-state disparities
To examine state-level air temperature differences, we conducted
regressions stratified by state or district in 2003–2019, with fixed
effects for county and year and standard errors constructed using Conley
equations to account for spatial dependence, calculated based on tract
centroids (Table 1 ). Asian people experienced notably higher
temperature exposures in nine states compared to the county-level
average, except for Delaware where CDDs were lower (mean difference
[MD]: -20.4; 95% CI: -36.5, -4.3). Maryland, New Jersey, Virginia,
and Washington D.C. showed no difference for Asian people, and the
highest exposure difference was in Rhode Island (MD: 27.0; 95% CI:
11.4, 42.7). Black people experienced higher CDDs in all states except
Maryland and Washington D.C.; the largest exposure difference was in
Rhode Island (MD: 43.6; 95% CI: 30.3, 56.9). Latino people experienced
higher CDDs in all states except for Washington D.C.; the largest
exposure difference was in Rhode Island (MD: 52.1; 95% CI: 37.3, 66.9).
White people experienced fewer CDDs in all states except Maryland and
Washington D.C.; the largest exposure difference was in New Jersey (MD:
-17.0; 95% CI: -21.2, -12.8). Model predictions are visualized inFigure 1 , which plots the results for one city from each census
region. Results showed systematically higher temperature exposures for
Black and Latino people, varying results for Asian people, and exposures
consistently at or below the county averages for white people.