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\begin{document}

\title{Impacts of sub-grid topographic representations on surface energy
balance and boundary conditions in the E3SM Land Model}



\author[1]{Dalei Hao}%
\author[2]{Gautam Bisht}%
\author[1]{Meng Huang}%
\author[3]{Po-Lun Ma}%
\author[3]{Teklu Kidane Tesfa}%
\author[4]{Wei-Liang Lee}%
\author[5]{Yu Gu}%
\author[6]{L. Ruby Leung}%
\affil[1]{Pacific Northwest National Laboratory}%
\affil[2]{Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory}%
\affil[3]{Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (DOE)}%
\affil[4]{Academia Sinica}%
\affil[5]{Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering}%
\affil[6]{PNNL}%


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  \date{May 25, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Sub-grid topographic heterogeneity has large impacts on surface energy
balance and land-atmosphere interactions. However, the impacts of
representing sub-grid topographic effects in land surface models (LSMs)
on surface energy balance and boundary conditions remain unclear. This
study analyzed and evaluated the impacts of sub-grid topographic
representations on surface energy balance, turbulent heat flux and
scalar (co-)variances in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM)
land model (ELM). Three sub-grid topographic representations in ELM were
compared: (1) the default sub-grid structure (D), (2) the recently
developed sub-grid topographic structure (T), and (3) high spatial
resolution (1KM). Additionally, two different solar radiation schemes in
ELM were compared: (1) the default plane-parallel radiative transfer
scheme (PP) and (2) the parameterization scheme (TOP) that accounts for
sub-grid topographic effects on solar radiation. A series of simulations
with the three grid structures (D, T and 1KM) and two treatments of
solar radiation (TOP and PP) were carried out in the Sierra Nevada,
California. There are significant differences between TOP and PP in the
1-km simulated surface energy balance, but the differences in the mean
values and standard deviations become small when aggregated to the
grid-scale (i.e., 0.5\selectlanguage{ngerman}°). The T configuration better mimics the 1KM
simulations than the D configuration, and better captures the sub-grid
topographic effects on surface energy balance as well as surface
boundary conditions. These results underline the importance of
representing sub-grid topographic heterogeneities in LSMs and motivate
future research to understand the sub-grid topographic effects on
land-atmosphere interactions over mountain areas.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`essoar.10508175.1.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/552398/articles/604736-impacts-of-sub-grid-topographic-representations-on-surface-energy-balance-and-boundary-conditions-in-the-e3sm-land-model}

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